Molecular alterations in malignant disease result in the expression or upregulations of various targets that can be used for imaging and treatment with radiopharmaceuticals. This theranostic principle has acquired greater importance in personalized medicine in recent years, particularly in oncology, where advanced tumors can be treated effectively with low side effects. Since the pioneering use of 131 I in differentiated thyroid cancer in the 1940s, remarkable achievements in nuclear medicine endoradiotherapy have been demonstrated, mainly in the treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasms by using 177 Lulabeled somatostatin analogs or in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer using prostate-specific membrane antigen-directed radionuclide therapy. Besides that, this review focuses on promising novel radiopharmaceuticals and describes their preclinical and clinical status. Radiolabeled antibodies, such as 131 I-omburtamab directed against the B7-H3 protein on the surface of neuroblastoma cells; HuMab-5B1, a 89 Zr/ 177 Lu-labeled antibody for the treatment of CA19-9-expressing malignancies; and 177 Lu-lilotomab, a CD37 antibody for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas, are being highlighted. The neurotensin receptor ligand 111 In/ 177 Lu-3B-227 has demonstrated high potential in imaging and therapy for several malignancies (e.g., pancreatic adenocarcinomas). Targeting of the fibroblast activation protein is currently being explored for different tumor entities using PET imaging with the fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) 68 Ga-FAPI-04, and the first therapeutic applications of 90 Y-FAPI-04 have been applied. After 2 decades of rapid development in theranostics, a variety of new targets are available for further clinical investigation.

The atmospheric lifetimes of the halogenated anaesthetics halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane and sevoflurane with respect to reaction with the hydroxyl radical (OH.) and UV photolysis have been determined from observations of OH. reaction kinetics and UV absorption spectra. Rate coefficients for the reaction with OH radicals for all halogenated anaesthetics investigated ranged from 0.44 to 2.7 x 10(-14) cm3 molec-1 s-1. Halothane, enflurane and isoflurane showed distinct UV absorption in the range 200-350 nm. In contrast, no absorption in this wavelength range was detected for desflurane or sevoflurane. The total atmospheric lifetimes, as derived from both OH. reactivity and photolysis, were 4.0-21.4 yr. It has been calculated that up to 20% of anaesthetics enter the stratosphere. As a result of chlorine and bromine content, the ozone depletion potential (ODP) relative to chlorofluorocarbon CFC-11 varies between 0 and 1.56, leading to a contribution to the total ozone depletion in the stratosphere of approximately 1% for halothane and 0.02% for enflurane and isoflurane. Estimates of the greenhouse warming potential (GWP) relative to CFC-12 yield values of 0.02-0.14, resulting in a relative contribution to global warming of all volatile anaesthetics of approximately 0.03%. The stratospheric impact of halothane, isoflurane and enflurane and their influence on ozone depletion is of increasing importance because of decreasing chlorofluorocarbons globally. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on greenhouse warming is small.

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