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Distinctions between rural and urban populations are well documented in environmental sociology literature. Rural and urban places may exert different influences on participation in environmentally supportive behavior (ESB) as well as on other forms of environmental concern (EC). The influence of these distinct geographies may be due to present circumstances or because of childhood socialization in these places. Using data from a national survey in Canada (n51 664), we use cognitive (basic values, environmental worldview, and environmental attitude) and behavioral indicators (public and private sphere) of EC to explore differences among rural and urban populations and we include analyses accounting for place of socialization. We extend the conventional private sphere category of ESB by including stewardship behaviors. Results showed few differences between rural and urban residents on indicators of EC. Rural residents, however, scored higher on altruistic values, placed a higher priority on the environment, and reported higher participation in recycling and stewardship behaviors. Analysis that included place of socialization showed differences on environmental worldview, basic values, and some ESB. In terms of ESB, we conclude that residence and place of socialization may be less of a factor than opportunity and highlight the importance of providing services and facilities. We recommend future research on residence and ESB include a variety of behaviors that reflect opportunities for both rural and urban residents.

The well-being of residents of resource dependent communities is a question of traditional interest to rural sociologists. The label ''resource dependent'' obscures how this relationship may vary between particular resource industries, regions, or indicators of well-being. Few analyses have compared the relationship between well-being and resource dependence across different industries, nor tested competing theories about the relationship between resource dependence and well-being. Our paper presents an overview of the relationship between resource dependenceagriculture, fisheries, mining, energy, forestry-and human well-being in Canada. Analysis of 1996 Statistics Canada data revealed a great deal of variation in the effect of ''resource'' dependence on indicators of well-being (e.g., human capital, unemployment, income): some industries exhibit fairly positive outcomes (e.g., agriculture), others more negative outcomes (e.g., fishing). Consistent with analyses conducted in the United States, these relationships vary by region, suggesting the need for models that incorporate the particulars of place and industry.

Research on forest management in North America has tradiLa recherche sur l'amknagement forestier en Atnkrique du Nord tionally focussed on large, industrial forest tenures (involving both a port6 traditionnellement sur les grandes tenures forestibres public and private land), or small, private woodlot management.industrielles (comprenant B la fois des terrains publics et privks), Recent discussion and experiments in Canada involve new instiou sur l'amknagement des petits for& privkes. Les rCcentes tutions for forest management. These alternative forest mandiscussions et expkriences rkalides au Canada impliquent de nouagement systems -namely, co-managed forests and community veaux partenaires en amknagement forestier. Ces modes altematifs forests -are compared to traditional forest management along d'amknagement forestier, des for&ts cogkrkes et des forsts comseveral dimensions, including: locus of decision-making, nature munautaires, sont compades 21 l'arnknagement forestier traditionnel of decision-making, scope of decision-making, tenure structure, selon certaines dimensions, dont : le centre de prise de dkcision, scale, and knowledge base. There exists a gap between abstract la nature de la prise de dCcision, le domaine de la prise de dkcidiscussions and practical applications of these models. Prospects sion, la structure de la tenure, l'khelle, et la base de connaissances. for the continued development of these alternative management IntroductionIndustrial leases and small, private, non-industrial ownerships have been the dominant forms of forest tenure in Canada for the past century. While forest management varies on these lands, one may characterize forestry activities on large leaseholds as industrial forest management. The vast majority of commercially productive forest land in Canada is publicly owned and leased to large forest products corporations. This land is managed primarily for the production of fibre resources. Management, or lack thereof, is more diverse on small, private holdings. This is reflective of the diversity of values held by woodlot owners. This paper will examine two additional institutional models of forest management relatively new to Canada; co-managed forestry and community forestry.The forestry profession, in both the public and private sectors, is currently facing a legitimacy crisis. That crisis comprises two parts: 1) the general public is demanding greater accountability of forest managers and calling into question the efficacy of the current institutional mechanisms for forest management; 2) there is a growing preference for ecosystem-based forest management -management that balances a broad range of benefits derived from the forest. With respect to the first issue, there are many questions being raised in current debates on forest policy, such as: is the current scale of existing industrial forest management the best able to achieve sustainable management of forests? Are the current forest tenure arrangements the most efficient and equitable? Is the nature and locus of de...

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