The zebrafish was used to assess the impact of social isolation on behaviour and brain function. As in humans and other social species, early social deprivation reduced social preference in juvenile zebrafish. Whole-brain functional maps of anti-social isolated (lonely) fish were distinct from anti-social (loner) fish found in the normal population. These isolation-induced activity changes revealed profound disruption of neural activity in brain areas linked to social behaviour, social cue processing, and anxiety/stress. Several of the affected regions are modulated by serotonin, and we found that social preference in isolated fish could be rescued by acutely reducing serotonin levels.

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Electrophoretic analysis of protein variation at the coagulation F13B locus has previously revealed three alleles, with alleles 1, 2, and 3 each being at high frequency in European, African, and Asian populations, respectively. To determine if this unusual pattern of interpopulation differentiation reflects local natural selection or neutral genetic drift, we re-sequenced 4.6 kb of the gene, encompassing all exons, splice junctions, and 1.4 kb of the promoter, in African, European, and Asian samples. These analyses revealed three major lineages, which correspond to the common protein alleles and differ from each other at a nonsynonymous substitution in exon 3 and a novel splice acceptor in intron K. There is previous evidence that these lineages are not functionally equivalent; we therefore carried out case -control analyses and confirmed that variability at F13B modulates susceptibility and/or survivorship in coronary artery disease (Po0.05) and type II diabetes within the coronary artery disease cohort (Po0.01). Tajima's D and Fu and Li's tests did not indicate significant departures from neutral expectations. However, publicly available data from SeattleSNPs and HapMap do indicate highly unusual levels of population differentiation (P ¼ 0.003) and an excess of allele-specific, extended haplotype homozygosity within the African population (P ¼ 0.0125). Possible causes of this putative signal of selection include hematophagous organisms, infection by pathogens that cause disseminated intravascular coagulation, and metabolic or dietary factors.

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