This paper presents the analysis of electricity transmitted and demand on Nigeria's electricity grid system from the year 2018 to 2020 to give the present progress of the electricity system in Nigeria. The daily electricity generated and transmitted data, daily distribution companies (DISCOs) electricity demand and consumption data, and data of transmission lines connected to other neighbouring countries (international lines) within the year 2018 and 2020 were used for the analysis. Also, the extrapolation of the monthly energy of each of the data obtained was computed. The analysis was done and graphs and results obtained showed that daily average electricity day-ahead demand by DISCOs varied majorly between 3.5GW to 4GW with a corresponding increase above 4GW and the total daily day-ahead electricity demand by DISCOs varied majorly between 80GW and 90GW from 2018 to 2020. But despite this demand, the study showed that distribution companies did not at any time pick up to their declared load demand despite being the major electricity stakeholder in electricity delivery to consumers. Also, some generating station units were not generating to their capacity due to fault and gas constraints and some generating stations were connected to the grid without using free governor mode (control required for the generating units to respond to the state of electricity demand on the grid in real-time). The study recommends that the government should ensure proper monitoring and impose necessary sanctions if needs be on any electricity stakeholders and participants who violate the Nigeria Electricity Supply Market Rules for effective and the Nigeria grid code created for efficient power delivery. The government should, as a matter of urgency, start the expansion of her generating stations as well as developing new ones considering other sources for power generation such as wind and solar which are predominately abundant in the northern part of the country.

This study uses the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Penman-Monteith equation to develop a crop water algorithm needed to automate the supply of specific amount of water to crops, depending on their different crop water requirements. This was done to deviate from the practice of supplying the same amount of water to different crops during irrigation practices which could lead to over-irrigation or under-irrigation resulting in pest infestation and eventually low yield. The crop water requirement for cocoyam, spinach and tomatoes were estimated using data from FAO. A microcontroller-based smart irrigation device incorporated with real-time clock was developed to supply the right amount of water to crops at the right time and duration daily. The implementation was done using a laboratory-scale irrigation test bed and experimental results reveal the effectiveness of the developed system in the automation of crop-specific irrigation systems and in line with their Crop Water Requirement (CWR). Possible applications include greenhouses where researchers have to apply a specific amount of water to crops for experiments; horticultural gardens and nurseries to mention a few.

The study was aimed at evaluating the performance of Nigeria’s Electric Power System before and during Privatization using Akure 33kV distribution Network as a case study. This is done to ascertain the effectiveness of the Privatization programme that occurred in the Electric Power Sector in Nigeria. The amount of energy served, the peak load supplied and load flow data of the Network for periods of 2010 to 2015 were collated from the daily log entry recording sheets of the 132/33kV transmission substation office in Akure. The percentage transformer loading and power transferred across the line were determined through load flow studies. The cost of energy not served due to faults was evaluated at a rate of NGN 24.30k per Kilo-Watt Hour (KWHr). The analysis was for a period of pre-privatization (2010-2012) and post-privatization (2013-2015). The results from the study indicate that the energy served decreased by 9% from 2010 to 2015 while the cost of energy not supplied increased largely after the Privatization. A decreasing rate in peak load supplied and transformer loadings were also observed during the Privatization. These results show that less customers might have been served or customers being served by this utility system experienced power outages more frequently in the post-privatization period than in the pre-privatization era.

The commonly used renewable energy source (RES) is solar energy. However, the production of this energy from PV modules has a lot of challenges and still needs technological improvement. This research investigates the effects of temperature on Photovoltaic (PV) module optimal performance. An experimental setup of a Monocrystalline (MC) module was used and data on the temperature and other parameters were measured using appropriate measuring tools. The relationship between module temperature and other parameters was evaluated using Pearson product correlation. The findings of this study showed that the temperature is significant for the Monocrystalline PV module to operate at its optimal. Also, the finding revealed that there is a weak correlation between the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the panel and the temperature, however, the PV module temperature has a strong and positive correlation with other parameters namely; solar irradiance, short circuit current (SCC), output power and conversion efficiency (CE) with a correlation coefficient (CC) of 0.94, 0.93, 0.92 and 0.93 respectively. The conversion efficiency of the PV module increases when its temperature is within the maximum operating temperature and tends to decrease when the temperature is beyond the design operating temperature of the module. This implies that temperature is also a key parameter to consider when designing a PV module system for optimal performance. This research recommends that temperature should be considered in the design of PV modules to power any equipment or machines for better performance.

Abstract-Stability of Power system is the ability of a system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical disturbance, with most system variables bounded so that practically the entire system remains intact. This research work stated clearly the effectiveness of the feedback and load compensation techniques in stabilizing a disturbed state of a medium transmission line using a Nominal-T configuration network. In order to achieve the set objectives, Osogbo -Akure transmission line data was obtained from Akure 132kV transmission substation. This configuration was modeled into transfer function and state space models, the compensator circuit which happens to be the phase lag circuit was also modeled. The transfer function model contained the line parameters extracted from this transmission substation logbook. A state space model was obtained from the transfer function model with a code written in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of these compensation techniques were compared. The result revealed that load compensation technique offered a perfect compensation to unit step disturbance and unit impulse disturbance. While feedback compensation technique provides perfect compensation to unit impulse disturbance only.