In capitalist societies, jobs are sorted not only by occupational status, but also by the employment sector in which they are situated. Research has demonstrated that public-and nonprofit-sector workers have more prosocial values than private-sector workers. We used recent data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) Special Supplement on Volunteering to examine sector differences in the likelihood of doing volunteer work and the number of hours volunteered. Regardless of occupation or education, nonprofit-sector employees are the most likely to volunteer and with the most hours, followed by public-sector workers and the self-employed. This finding is robust across most types of volunteer work.

Objectives. Despite the interest that social scientists have displayed in the rising rate of incarceration, little attention has been devoted to understanding its consequences for local areas. This is an important omission because prison construction has become a component of state and local economic development schemes. Indeed, there is a widespread belief that prison construction provides significant economic benefits to local areas. Methods. We analyze data on all existing and new prisons in the United States since 1960 and examine the impact of these prisons on the pace of growth (as measured by public, private, and total employment growth) in U.S. counties from 1969 to 1994. To our knowledge, our study is the first comprehensive and longitudinal assessment of the impact of prison construction on local areas. Results. We find no evidence that prison expansion has stimulated economic growth. In fact, we provide evidence that prison construction has impeded economic growth in rural counties that have been growing at a slow pace. Conclusion. Despite sharp ideological and intellectual differences, the critics and the advocates of the prison construction boom share the assumption that prisons can contribute to local growth, especially in hard‐pressed local areas. This belief flies in the face of mounting evidence that state and local initiatives rarely have a significant impact on growth; this belief is also contradicted by our analyses.

In Bowling Alone Robert Putnam argues that the passing of the "long civic generation," whose values were moldedby the Depression and the Second World War, has resulted in a decline in civicengagement. In this analysis we test the generation hypothesis by comparing the volunteer behavior of two successive generations of women at the same age. No supportfor Putnam's thesis isfound. Once appropriate controls for sociodemographic trendsare imposed, generation differences disappear. However, thereare cohortdifferences in the type ofvolunteerwork performed.Each year, volunteer workers contribute billions of dollars in value to the u.s. economy (Boris 1999). Even so, there are rarely enough volunteers to meet the demand, as a glance at any local newspaper will reveal. In light of this shortage of volunteers, any social change that discourages volunteering is worrisome. Two recent changes suggest that balancing supply and demand in the market for volunteers will become more difficult in the future. The first is the Reagan administration's cut in government spending initiated in the 1980s.A deliberate policy of shifting social welfare from public to private agencies meant that nonprofit agencies were expected to assume an even greater burden in the provision of human services. Alongside increasing demand, the supply of volunteers is threatened. Americans simply have less free time today. But lack of time is not the primary reason that a decline in volunteering is expected. In a recent publication, Putnam (2000) has suggested that younger generations

BackgroundPharmacologic control of Cre-mediated recombination using tamoxifen-dependent activation of a Cre-estrogen receptor ligand binding domain fusion protein [CreER(T)] is widely used to modify and/or visualize cells in the mouse.Methods and FindingsWe describe here two new mouse lines, constructed by gene targeting to the Rosa26 locus to facilitate Cre-mediated cell modification. These lines should prove particularly useful in the context of sparse labeling experiments. The R26rtTACreER line provides ubiquitous expression of CreER under transcriptional control by the tetracycline reverse transactivator (rtTA); dual control by doxycycline and tamoxifen provides an extended dynamic range of Cre-mediated recombination activity. The R26IAP line provides high efficiency Cre-mediated activation of human placental alkaline phosphatase (hPLAP), complementing the widely used, but low efficiency, Z/AP line. By crossing with mouse lines that direct cell-type specific CreER expression, the R26IAP line has been used to produce atlases of labeled cholinergic and catecholaminergic neurons in the mouse brain. The R26IAP line has also been used to visualize the full morphologies of retinal dopaminergic amacrine cells, among the largest neurons in the mammalian retina.ConclusionsThe two new mouse lines described here expand the repertoire of genetically engineered mice available for controlled in vivo recombination and cell labeling using the Cre-lox system.