No abstract

In this study, angiographic scoring and Doppler flow measurements were equally valid means for the assessment of run-off. Our system allows an objective assessment of run-off independently of the distal bypass anastomosis level and provides a functional estimation of run-off.

Approach in case of PNS: 1. push or pull the lead within the same vein, 2. change to a different vein, 3. maintain position in case of a safe distance between the phrenic nerve and the pacing threshold, 4. change the lead type to achieve stable anchorage at adequate positions, 5. use a device featuring electronic repositioning.

Measurement of flow volume could be used as a screen, in order to filter out reconstructions, which must be further clarified with an angiogram. A further prospective evaluation of the value of volume flow is needed before any conclusive recommendations can be drawn.