The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Structures of Ion‐Exchange Resins 2.1. Polymer Matrices 2.2. Functional Groups 2.2.1. Cation‐Exchange Resins 2.2.2. Anion‐Exchange Resins 2.2.3. Other Types of Ion‐Exchange Resins 2.3. Adsorbent Resins and Inert Polymers 3. Properties 3.1. Degree of Cross‐Linking and Porosity 3.2. Exchange Capacity 3.3. Stability and Service Life 3.4. Density 3.5. Particle Size 3.6. Moisture Content 4. Ion‐Exchange Reactions 4.1. Cation Exchange 4.2. Anion Exchange 4.3. Cation and Anion Exchange in Water Treatment 5. Ion‐Exchange Equilibria 5.1. Dissociation and pK Value 5.2. Mono ‐ Monovalent Exchange 5.3. Mono ‐ Divalent Exchange (Water Softening) 5.4. General Case 6. Exchange Kinetics 6.1. Principles 6.2. Kinetic Curves 6.3. Strongly Acidic or Strongly Basic Resins 6.3.1. Film Diffusion 6.3.2. Particle Diffusion 6.4. Weakly Acidic or Weakly Basic Resins 7. Practical Consequences of Ion‐Exchange Equilibrium and Kinetics 7.1. Operating Capacity, Regeneration Efficiency, and Regenerant Usage 7.2. Permanent Leakage 7.3. Water Analysis 7.4. Calculations in the Design of Ion‐Exchange Plants for Water Purification 7.5. Example of Calculation 7.5.1. Principle 7.5.2. Basic Data 7.5.3. Demineralization Unit 7.5.4. Polishing Unit 8. Industrial Use of Ion Exchange 8.1. Description of the Ion‐Exchange Cycle 8.2. Methods for Overcoming Equilibrium Problems 9. Ion‐Exchange Resin Combinations 9.1. Pretreatment 9.2. Softening 9.3. Demineralization (Primary System) 9.4. Polishing 9.5. Choice of Resin 10. Plant Design 10.1. General Considerations 10.2. Fixed‐Bed Ion‐Exchange Units 10.2.1. Column Diameter and Bed Depth 10.2.2. Small‐Scale Units 10.2.3. Industrial Co‐ and Counterflow Plants 10.2.4. Mixed Beds 10.2.5. Other Ion‐Exchange Polishers 10.3. Continuously Circulated Ion‐Exchange Resins 10.4. External Valves and Pipework 10.5. Control Systems 11. Special Processes in Water Treatment 11.1. Removal of Organic Matter 11.2. Treatment of Potable Water 11.3. Treatment of Brackish Water 11.4. Processes Involving Sea Water 11.5. Treatment of Condensates 11.5.1. Conventional Resins 11.5.2. Powdered Resins 11.6. Water Treatment in the Nuclear Industry 11.7. Production of Ultrapure Water 12. Special Applications of Ion Exchange 12.1. Processing Steps 12.1.1. Purification 12.1.2. Ion Substitution 12.1.3. Recovery and Concentration 12.1.4. Separation 12.1.5. Diffusion 12.1.6. Catalysis 12.1.7. Dehydration 12.1.8. Coalescence on Oleophilic Resins 12.1.9. Liquid Ion Exchangers 12.1.10. Ion‐Exchange Membranes 12.2. Technical Considerations

No abstract

No abstract