Sierra Leone in West Africa is the subject of this 1803 work by English physician Thomas Winterbottom (1766–1859). In the 1790s he spent four years there working for the Sierra Leone Company (established by abolitionists to resettle ex-slaves), and combating diseases such as malaria and scurvy. He displays none of the pejorative views of Africa or its inhabitants that some of his contemporaries expressed, but has a very positive opinion of the country. Winterbottom describes the women as beautiful and graceful, and he dismisses racial differentiations based on skin colour as being absurd. In Volume 1 he draws a many-faceted picture of the climate, history and traditions of Sierra Leone, describing the limited diet of the inhabitants (consisting mainly of rice and palm oil), and seeking to give scientific answers to such questions as why the hair of the inhabitants is mostly of a 'woolly' type.

Sierra Leone in West Africa is the subject of this 1803 work by English physician Thomas Winterbottom (1766–1859). In the 1790s he spent four years there working for the Sierra Leone Company (established by abolitionists to resettle ex-slaves), and combating diseases such as malaria and scurvy. He displays none of the pejorative views of Africa or its inhabitants that some of his contemporaries expressed, but has a very positive opinion of the country. Winterbottom describes the women as beautiful and graceful, and he dismisses racial differentiations based on skin colour as being absurd. In Volume 2 Winterbottom focuses on African medicine and common diseases found in Sierra Leone. He pays particular attention to cases of abortions and miscarriages, and to malnourished children. The author does not refrain from addressing circumcision and sexually transmitted diseases, and is intrigued by the role of magic in the native medical tradition.

TVQA is a large scale video question answering (video-QA) dataset based on popular TV shows. The questions were specifically designed to require "both vision and language understanding to answer". In this work, we demonstrate an inherent bias in the dataset towards the textual subtitle modality. We infer said bias both directly and indirectly, notably finding that models trained with subtitles learn, on-average, to suppress video feature contribution. Our results demonstrate that models trained on only the visual information can answer ∼45% of the questions, while using only the subtitles achieves ∼68%. We find that a bilinear pooling based joint representation of modalities damages model performance by 9% implying a reliance on modality specific information. We also show that TVQA fails to benefit from the RUBi modality bias reduction technique popularised in VQA. By simply improving text processing using BERT embeddings with the simple model first proposed for TVQA, we achieve state-of-the-art results (72.13%) compared to the highly complex STAGE model (70.50%). We recommend a multimodal evaluation framework that can highlight biases in models and isolate visual and textual reliant subsets of data. Using this framework we propose subsets of TVQA that respond exclusively to either or both modalities in order to facilitate multimodal modelling as TVQA originally intended.

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* Medicina quondam paucarum fuit scientia herbarum, quibus sisteretur fluens sanguis, vulnera coirent paulatim. Senecâ pistol. 95. tactu Auxiliatur his elleborum album-Tangunt carnes aconito, necantque gustatu earumpantheras :at illas statim liberari morte, excrementorum hominis gustu, demonstratum.-Pudeudumque rursus, omnia animalia, qua sint salutaria ipsis, nosse, prater hominem." L. xxvii. c 2.-Egypt teems with drugs, yielding no few, Which, mingled with the drink, are good, and many , Of baneful juice, and enemies to life. There ev'ry man in skill medicinal Excels, for they ar? sons of Pason all f. Pliny also says, medicinam iEgyptii apud ipsos volunt repertam : alii per Arabum, Babylonis et ApoUinis filium : herbariam et medicamentariam a Chirone ; hence it appears that we are indebted, * See the story of Democedes, related by Herqdofus,.iii. 129; also Ecclesiasticus, ch. xxxviii. , f Odyss. iv. 288, by Cowper. * Lib. xxxi. c. t. i ' ¦ 9 sire which is so prevalent among them of search ing into futurity *. It is curious to remark, tkat the same notion respecting medicine prevails among the islanders of the South Seas. At Otaheite, a physician is called tahauwamai, a word compounded of tahauwa, a priest, and mai, paim Thus we see that all nations, while in. similar states of cultivation, possess nearly the same ideas, though cut off from all communication by im mense tracts of ocean. Respecting the practice of medicine in Africa, there is reason to imagine that it is not at pre sent in a progressive state of improvement, but that it remains nearly as it was some centuries ago. This arises chiefly from their repug nance to change customs which long usage has rendered venerable. They plant their rice, build their houses, and manufacture their cloth in ex actly the same manner as their forefathers, and they answer every objection, by saying it is " country fashion." This attachment, however, to long established customs, though probably strengthened in tropical climates by the enervat ing power of heat, is not peculiar to the Africans : it is observed to prevail in all countries parti ally civilized. Thus the manners and customs of the Asiatics, as described in scripture, are nearly the same as those which are observed in the East ;at the present day ,-|\ * Carver's Travels, in North America, t Spirit of Laws, xiv. 4. VOL. II. C her hair; to alter which in England, she thinks, would sit awkward, and, together with her ignorance how to comport herself with nexo and strange conversation, would, in all likelihood alienate her hus band's affections." 13 CHAP, H. GENERAL DISEASES. JEVER. REMEDIES FOR THE THIRST, VOMITING, AND HEADACH, WHICH ATTEND IT. REMITTENTS. MODE OF CUPPING. INTERMITTENTS. ENLARGEMENT OF THE SPLEEN. C3DEMA OF LOWER EXTREMITIES, MANIA. IDIOTISM. EPILEPSY, WORMS.