Working time arrangements and family time of fathers:How work organization(s) shape fathers' opportunities to engage in childcare ** This analysis takes the diagnosis of a gap between German fathers' attitudes and practices as starting point to analyze the influence of the work organization on a father's time with his children. With qualitative interview data and quantitative diary data, the fathers´ ideals and their practices are confronted systematically. It is found that fa-thers´ work time arrangements may influence the availability of time they have for their children. Here, not only the amount of time is crucial but also the possibilities for the flexible organization of work. However, work organizations influence childcare practices mainly through the work culture which shapes the employed fathers´ anticipated options.

In fatherhood research, there is an ongoing question of how to measure fathers' engagement in childcare. Recent studies mainly use (1) the amount of time spent on childcare and/or (2) the use of paid parental leave as core indicators of paternal involvement. To examine how these two indicators of fathers' engagement have to be understood differently, this study juxtaposes the determinants of these indicators, also differentiating between absolute and relative (i.e., compared to their partner) measures. Four negative binomial regression models are conducted with German SocioEconomic Panel data on 712 fathers with a child born between 2007 and 2013. The results indicate that there are distinct relationships behind the four different measures of fathers' engagement. Fathers' absolute and relative time for childcare is mostly explained by other time-use measures and a couples' employment participation. With regard to fathers' parental leave use, the absolute rather than the relative measures might be more suitable to explain fathers' constraints to take up parental leave that are aligned to their work situation.

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This paper examines the relationship between different aspects of the parental leave use by German fathers and their subsequent engagement in childcare. The relationship between the use of parental leave by fathers and their time spent on childcare on weekdays in subsequent years is broken down by three different details to parental leave use (duration, timing and partner's employment status during parental leave). It also examines whether fathers who take parental leave provide more childcare even before they take the parental leave compared to fathers who do not use parental leave. The study is based on German panel data and applies group comparisons with t-test and