In this paper, copper (II) citrate Cu3(C6H5O7)2 was successfully synthesised in an aqueous solution. The factors for the synthesis process such as temperature and molar ratio of the reactants were investigated. The structural, properties and composition characteristics of the elements were investigated and evaluated by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The yield of the copper (II) citrate in the reaction was 82.46% at the molar ratio of the CuSO4/C6H5Na3O7 of 1.5/1 at 70oC. The in vitro results showed that copper (II) citrate at a concentration of 1,000 ppm inhibits the mycelial growth of Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium oxysporumwith control values ranging from 19 to 53% after 2 days of incubation. Besides, it strongly suppressed the plant bacterial pathogens Xanthomonas axonopodis (bacterial strain causing citrus canker), Ralstonia solanacearum(bacterial wilt of tomato), and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (cause of bacterial wilt and canker of tomato). These results suggested that copper (II) citrate can be used as a promising fungicide/bactericide to control fungal and bacterial diseases on citrus and tomato plants.

The left hemiface expresses emotion more intensely than the right. Because emotional expressions contract the facial muscles and wrinkle the skin, theoretically the left hemiface’s greater expressivity should prompt more pronounced expression lines and wrinkles on the left than right side of the face. As wrinkles are the most salient age cue, we investigated whether the left hemiface consequently appears older than the right. Two hundred and sixty participants (F=148; M=112) viewed booklets containing pairs of left-left and right-right chimeric faces of eight models (M=F). For each trial participants were asked to make a two alternative forced choice response indicating which image looked older. Results confirmed a left cheek bias, with participants more likely to select left-left than right-right chimeras. Whilst participant gender did not influence perceptions, model gender predicted cheek selections: responses to female models drive the overall left cheek bias. The left cheek (56.8%) appeared older than the right cheek (43.2%) for female models, whereas there was little difference in perceived age between male models' left (50.8%) and right (49.2%) cheeks. Given that youth influences perceptions of female beauty, these findings complement previous research and offer a potential explanation for why the left side of females’ faces are judged less attractive: the right cheek appears younger.