We study a general form of gears known as non‐circular gears that can transfer periodic motion with variable speed through their irregular shapes and eccentric rotation centers. To design functional non‐circular gears is nontrivial, since the gear pair must have compatible shape to keep in contact during motion, so the driver gear can push the follower to rotate via a bounded torque that the motor can exert. To address the challenge, we model the geometry, kinematics, and dynamics of non‐circular gears, formulate the design problem as a shape optimization, and identify necessary independent variables in the optimization search. Taking a pair of 2D shapes as inputs, our method optimizes them into gears by locating the rotation center on each shape, minimally modifying each shape to form the gear's boundary, and constructing appropriate teeth for gear meshing. Our optimized gears not only resemble the inputs but can also drive the motion with relatively small torque. We demonstrate our method's usability by generating a rich variety of non‐circular gears from various inputs and 3D printing several of them.

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Objectives Clinically, primary gastric diffuse large B cell lymphoma (PG-DLBCL) is not encountered commonly. The optimal treatment of PG-DLBCL remains controversial. Whether patients should receive surgical resection, Rituximab or not was most concerned about. Here we analized 83 patients with PG-DLBCL retrospectivly and evaluated the effect of surgical option and Rituximab in the treatment of PG-DLBCL. Methods From January 2009 to December 2014, 83 cases of PG-DLBCL patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University were retrospectively studied. Forty cases received surgical resection plus chemotherapy (group A) and 43 patients underwent chemotherapy alone (group B). The operation mode is decided by the surgeon according to the patients¡¯ current condition and the chemotherapy regimens of two groups were CHOP or R-CHOP. Patients¡¯ characteristics were listed in Table 1. The main outcomes of overall survival (OS) and the progression free survival (PFS) were analized by using the Kaplan-Meier (K-M) method. Results The K-M analysis showed that the 3-year PFS and OS in group A were 66.7% and 68.4%, respectively. On the other hand, the 3-year PFS and OS of group B were 82.6%and 85.7%, respectively. There is no significant difference between the two groups. For patients received CHOP or R-CHOP, the 5-year OS were 77.7% and 78.2% (p=0.178). And the 3-year PFS were 74.9% and 75.5% (p=0.347). The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. In group A, the 5-year PFS of R-CHOP group and CHOP group is 62.5% and 71.2% £¨p=0.747£©, the 5-year OS of R-CHOP group and CHOP group is 64.2% and 73.6% (p=0.853). In group B, the 5-year PFS of R-CHOP group and CHOP group is 83.4% and 81.8% £¨p=0.706£©, the 5-year OS of R-CHOP group and CHOP group is 85.7% and 83.5% (p=0.753). The univariate analyses indicated that age and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level were related to prognosis. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors with a Cox model showed that IPI was the only independent prognostic factor. Conclusions This study shows that PG-DLBCL patients have a similar long-term survival rate when adopted surgery plus chemotherapy. Therefore, resection of the primary tumor before systemic chemotherapy does not improve the survival of the patients with PG-DLBCL. At the same time, the addition of Rituximab to chemotherapy doesn¡¯t make difference for the survival of PG-DLBCL. More prospective clinical trials about the effect of surgical operation and rituximab are needed to confirm the results of our study. Table 1. Patients¡¯ baseline characteristics Patients £¨%£© P value With surgical resection(Group A, n£½40£© Without chemotherapy (Group B, n £½ 43 £© Gender Male 19£¨47.5%£© 24£¨55.8%£© 0.449 Female 21£¨52.5%£© 19£¨44.2%£© Age ¡Ü60 15£¨37.5%£© 22£¨51.2%£© 0.211 £¾60 25£¨62.5%£© 21£¨48.8%£© Ann Arbor Stage I/II 13£¨32.5%£© 7£¨16.3%£© 0.084 Stage III/IV 27£¨67.5%£© 36£¨83.7%£© ECOG £¼2 19£¨47.5%£© 22£¨51.2%£© 0.739 ¡Ý2 21£¨52.5%£© 21£¨48.8%£© Treatment plan R-CHOP 23£¨57.5%£© 24£¨55.8%£© 0.887 CHOP 17£¨42.5%£© 19£¨44.2%£© LDH ¡Ü245 24£¨60.0%£© 27£¨62.8%£© 0.794 £¾245 16£¨40.0%£© 16£¨37.2%£© IPI ¡Ü2 13£¨32.5%£© 15£¨34.9%£© 0.818 £¾2 27£¨67.5%£© 28£¨65.1%£© ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; CHOP: cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone; R-CHOP: rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

With the explosion of traffic demand in recent years, the integration of satellite optical networks and terrestrial networks (ISTN) creates a promising networking solution for future low-latency, high-rate, and high-capacity communications. Owing to the high cost of deploying and maintaining a satellite optical network, it is critical to carefully design and plan the network to ensure the performance of the network. Thus, a semi-physical simulation platform based on software-defined networks (SDNs) is developed to simulate a satellite optical network and evaluate the performance of the proposed label-based advanced orbiting system (AOS) frame switching method that adheres to the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems’ recommended standard (CCSDS). The semi-physical simulation platform has two major innovations: (1) adapting and integrating network protocols between the CCSDS and open system interconnect (OSI) reference models, particularly at the data link layer, and (2) the foundation for an SDN-based satellite optical network. In the control plane, real-time VxWorks Simulators serve as controllers to establish and manage various network protocols and the link manager protocol (LMP). Here, network protocols include open shortest path first (OSPF) for routing managing and controlling messages, constraint shortest path first–traffic engineering (CSPF-TE), and constraint-label distribution protocol (CR-LDP) for routing data services. LMP is used to assign and reserve satellite optical link resources. The performance of the architecture and protocols is evaluated via a semi-physical simulation platform.