RESUMOEm estudos agroambientais a radiação solar incidente (R s ) é uma das mais importantes variáveis meteorológicas. Na ausência de dados observados de R s é possível estimá-los mediante modelos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar modelos baseados na temperatura do ar para estimativa diária de R s nas condições do Recôncavo Sul da Bahia. Utilizaram-se dados de R s do período de 2004 a 2006, medidos por uma estação meteorológica automática pertencente ao INMET, instalada em Cruz das Almas, Bahia. Como etapa preliminar, verificou-se a qualidade dos dados de R s tomando-se como referência curvas de radiação esperada em dias claros. Os seguintes modelos foram avaliados: Hargreaves-Samani para regiões interiores e regiões costeiras, Thornton-Running e o de Weiss. O desempenho de cada método foi avaliado através dos seguintes indicadores: coeficiente de determinção (R 2 ), razão média (RM), erro absoluto médio (EAM), raiz quadrada do quadrado médio do erro (RQME) e índice de concordância de Wilmott Evaluating models for estimation of incoming solar radiation in Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil ABSTRACT Solar radiation at the earth's surface (R s ) is one of the essential weather variables for several agro-environmental studies. In the absence of measured R s , it's possible to simulate them by models. Using three years of daily R s data (2004)(2005)(2006) collected by an INMET (Brazilian Meteorological Service) automatic weather station installed in the municipality of Cruz das Almas, BA, three air temperature-based R s simulation models were evaluated. As a preliminary step, data quality was investigated and, when needed, adjustments were made based on clear sky solar radiation envelopes. The following models were evaluated: Hargreaves-Samani for both interior and coastal regions, Thornton-Running, and the Weiss model. Linear regression R 2 , mean ratio (MR), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and the index of agreement of Willmott (d W ) were used for model performance evaluation against measured R s . The results recommended the coastal-region Hargreaves-Samani for prediction of R s in the Reconcavo of Bahia, Brazil, since it presented the MR value closest to 1.00 (1.01), the lowest MAE (2.54 MJ m -2 d -1 ), the lowest RMSE (3.13 MJ m -2 d -1 ), and the highest d W (0.90).
Precision agriculture that is based on the physical and chemical properties of soil requires a dense sampling to evaluate spatial variability in the field. This dense sampling is often expensive and time consuming. One technique to reduce the number of samples is to define management zones based on information that is collected in the field. Some researchers have demonstrated the importance of the electrical properties of soil in defining management zones. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the apparent soil electrical conductivity and soil properties in mountainous areas of coffee production. The electrical conductivity of soil was evaluated at soil depths ranging from 0.00-0.20 m (EC20) and 0.00-0.40 m (EC40) using a portable meter. The mean values of EC20 and EC40 were 1.80 mS m-1 and 1.22 mS m-1 , respectively. Both EC20 and EC40 exhibited comparatively low correlations with the soil properties, whereas higher correlations were obtained for measurements of remaining phosphorus, wherein values of 0.427 and 0.465, respectively, were obtained. RESUMO-A agricultura de precisão baseada nas propriedades físicas e químicas do solo exige uma amostragem densa para se determinar a variabilidade espacial no campo. Essa amostragem densa, muitas vezes apresenta custo e tempo consumido elevado. Uma das técnicas para reduzir o número de amostras é definir zonas de manejo em função de informações coletadas no campo. Alguns pesquisadores têm demonstrado a importância desempenhada pelas variáveis elétricas do solo para definir zonas de manejo. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre a variabilidade espacial da condutividade elétrica aparente e propriedades do solo em regiões de produção de cafés de montanha. A condutividade elétrica foi medida no perfil de solo de 0,00-0,20 m (CE20) e 0,00-0,40 m (CE40) usando um sensor portátil. Os valores de CE20 e CE40 foram de 1,80 mS m-1 e 1,22 mS m-1 , respectivamente. Ambas CE20 e CE40 apresentaram baixa correlação com as propriedades químicas e a textura do solo, sendo que, a correlação mais elevada foi obtida para o fósforo remanescente com valores de 0,427 e 0,465, respectivamente. Palavras-chave: Agricultura de precisão. Zonas de manejo. Sensores. *Autor para correspondência 1 Recebido para publicação em 02/08/2011; aprovado em 01/05/2012 Parte da Tese de Doutorado do primeiro autor apresentada ao Programa
RESUMO:O crescente uso da técnica de fertirrigação não tem sido acompanhado com pesquisas para disponibilizar informações capazes de proporcionar o correto manejo dessa técnica. A reflectometria no domínio do tempo (TDR) possibilita o monitoramento simultâneo e contínuo do teor de água (θ) e da condutividade elétrica aparente do solo (CEa). A literatura apresenta diversos modelos que relacionam θ e CEa com a condutividade elétrica da solução do solo (CEw), com vistas à predição da CEw a partir de dados de θ e CEa obtidos por meio da técnica da TDR. Porém, muitas pesquisas demonstram a necessidade de avaliação e calibração desses modelos para solos de diferentes classes texturais. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados seis modelos com o objetivo de conhecer a capacidade dos mesmos em relacionar θ, CEa e CEw. Experimentos de laboratório foram feitos, com solo de classes texturais franca e franco-arenosa, aplicando-se soluções com cinco condutividades elétricas combinadas com cinco teores de água no solo, resultando em 25 colunas de solo. Os modelos demonstraram capacidade para relacionar θ, CEa e CEw. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:TDR, modelos matemáticos, manejo de fertirrigação. ESTIMATIVE OF SOIL SOLUTION ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY FROM SOIL WATER CONTENT AND SOIL BULK ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY ABSTRACT:The increase of fertigation techniques has not been followed by researches that generate available information to guide a correct fertigation management. The time-domain reflectometry allows the simultaneously monitoring of soil water content (θ) and bulk electrical conductivity (CEa). Literature presents various models which relate TDR readings of θ and CEa to soil solution electrical conductivity (CEw). Nevertheless, many researches demonstrate the need for evaluation and calibration of these models under different soil conditions. In this work, six mathematical models were evaluated in order to establish the relationship among θ, CEa e CEw. Laboratory experiments were carried out using two soil materials, by means of applying five electrical conductivities combined with five soil water contents in PVC columns. The models allowed a reasonable relationship among θ, CEa e CEw with better performance of de RHOADES et al. (1976) e de VOGELER et al. (1996 models for the soils 1 and 2, respectively.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the technical viability of using longer recirculation intervals of nutrient solution than those conventionally used for the acclimatization of Prata-Ana banana seedlings grown under hydroponic system. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse of a banana plantlet production biofactory, in Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil, in a randomized block design with four replications. The use of longer recirculation intervals of nutrient solution (0.75, 3.75, 5.75, 11.75, and 23.75 hours) than those commonly used for vegetables (0.25 hour) was evaluated in the present study in two seasons: winter and summer-autumn. The effect of increasing the interval of nutrient solution recirculation on plant growth was more pronounced when the temperature was higher, during the summer-autumn season. Considering the plant growth period between 15 and 20 days after transplanting, there was no effect of the recirculation frequency, showing the viability of using lower recirculation frequencies or only one recirculation per day in the first 15 days of plant growth. However, the use of shorter intervals after this period is needed because the use of intervals equal to or higher than 0.75 hour decreased plant growth in both seasons. Thus, the use of a 23.75-hour interval in the first 15 days and a 0.25-hour interval after this period allows a decrease in energy consumption, compared to the use of a 0.25-hour interval during the whole plant cycle.
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