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IntroductionAnterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury always leads to knee pain and dysfunction for which surgical reconstruction is recommended, with good clinical results, but decreased postoperative proprioception also tends to occur. ACL stump (ACLS)-retaining ACL reconstruction and non-ACLS-retaining ACL reconstruction are the two surgical options.AimTo investigate the efficacy of retaining the ACLS in allograft reconstruction.Material and methodsThirty patients were retrospectively assigned to group A, ACLS-retaining ACL reconstruction; and group B, non-ACLS-retaining ACL reconstruction, and their data were analyzed. The knee function (Lysholm score and Tegner motion score) and proprioceptive function of the two groups were assessed and compared by postoperative reconstruction angle.ResultsThe 30 patients were followed up for a mean 20 months. The mean Lysholm score in group A increased from 55.7 ±11.6 points preoperatively to 95.2 ±5.7 points postoperatively; that in group B increased from 56.7 ±11.3 points preoperatively to 94.6 ±7.2 points postoperatively. The mean Tegner motion score in group A was increased from 2.4 ±0.7 points preoperatively to 6.0 ±0.7 points postoperatively; that in group B increased from 2.73 ±0.96 points preoperatively to 6.24 ±0.48 points postoperatively; the postoperative scores did not differ significantly between the two groups. The proprioception was better in group A than in group B at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively (p < 0.05).ConclusionsACLS-retaining ACL reconstruction has good efficacy and the retained ACLS can benefit postoperative proprioception recovery at an early stage.

The resource shortage of Rhizoma Paridis has never been effectively addressed, and the industry continues to search for alternative resources. The in vitro effects on thrombin of Paris saponins and in vivo hemostatic activity of Paris fargesii var. brevipetala (PF) were evaluated in this study. PF is considered to be an alternative source of Rhizoma Paridis (RP). The in vitro incubation experiment was designed to investigate the effects on thrombin activity of Paris saponin H (PS H) and saponin extract in PF. The bleeding time of mouse tail snipping was used to evaluate the in vivo hemostatic effects of Paris saponins. Also, in vivo changes in four blood coagulation parameters in rats after oral administration of different groups of Paris saponins were compared. The effects of Paris saponins on liver function and blood lipid parameters were examined in order to avoid drug-induced liver injury. Activity studies of thrombin after ultra-filtration centrifugation showed that Paris saponins were able to enhance thrombin activity. Ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) analysis results of the substrates led us to speculate that there is a specific binding between Paris saponins and thrombin. PS H and Paris saponins in PF significantly shortened the bleeding time in mice. One pathway by which Paris saponins enhance in vivo blood coagulation is by increasing fibrinogen (FIB), among the four blood coagulation parameters in rats. At the same time, the effects on liver and blood lipid parameters were insignificant. P. fargesii var. brevipetala can be developed as an alternative medicinal source of Rhizoma Paridis.

Background The decrease of wild reserves and the sharp increase of market demand have led to resource substitution, but it is still not clear how to discover medicinal alternative resources. Here we reveal the biology of medicinal resource substitution in the case of Salvia. Methods A hypothesis was put forward that phylogeny and ecology were the main factors which determined alternative species selection. Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on chloroplast genomes. Spatial climatic pattern was assessed through three mathematical models. Results Salvia miltiorrhiza and alternative species were mainly located in Clade 3 in topology, and their growth environment was clustered into an independent group 3 inferred from principal component analysis. Correlation and Maxent major climate factor analyses showed that the ecological variations within each lineage were significantly smaller than the overall divergent between any two lineages. Mantel test reconfirmed the inalienability between phylogeny and ecology (P = 0.002). Only the species that are genetically and ecologically related to S. miltiorrhiza can form a cluster with it. Conclusions Phylogenetic relationship and geographical climate work together to determine which species has the potential to be selected as substitutes. Other medicinal plants can learn from this biology towards developing alternative resources.