Disclaimers are often found in company interim and annual reports to disclaim legal liability for the disclosure of information. The study aims to describe a local grammar of disclaimers in the interim and annual reports of companies listed in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Data analysis has identified thirteen functional categories and six lexicogrammatical patterns. Functional category labels were created to directly reflect the discourse functions of the language elements. Comparative analysis of the six language patterns has identified a canonical form and its variant forms. Findings of this study contributes to the field of research of local grammars, affirming the view of previous studies that adopting a local grammar approach makes textual analysis more simple, precise and useful. The study also offers insights into a greater understanding of legal language in business and professional settings.

Purpose: Uterine fibroid embolization (UFE) is associated with post-procedural pain and nausea. In this double-blind randomized controlled study, we compared pre-procedure intravenous (IV) acetaminophen/ibuprofen to postprocedure IV ketorolac in UFE patients. Methods:After institutional review board approval, UFE candidates 21-60 years old were screened and randomly assigned to one of four arms: acetaminophen (1 g), ibuprofen (800 mg), acetaminophen (1 g) and ibuprofen (800 mg) combined, and an active comparator, ketorolac (30 mg). All received rescue patient-controlled hydromorphone for 24 h post-procedure. Primary outcome was measurement of pain intensity (visual analog scale: VAS) between the acetaminophen/ibuprofen group and the ketorolac group. The secondary outcomes were opioid and anti-emetic requirements and nausea intensity (VAS).Results: 40 subjects were analysed: acetaminophen/ ibuprofen (N=16); acetaminophen (N=4); ibuprofen (N=4); ketorolac (N=16). The maximum and mean VAS scores for pain were not different between the acetaminophen/ ibuprofen group and the ketorolac group without adjusting for opioid consumption (p=0. 243 and p=0.208, respectively). Total opioid consumption in morphine equivalents (mean [±SE]) was 28.09 mg (±4.58) in the acetaminophen/ibuprofen group and 40.33 mg (±7.79) in the ketorolac group (p=0.087), demonstrating a trend favouring the acetaminophen/ibuprofen group. The mean and maximum nausea scores showed a trend and significant difference (p=0.095 and p=0.003), respectively, favouring the ketorolac group. Conclusion:IV acetaminophen/ibuprofen demonstrated comparable pain control, although there was less opioid requirement for the acetaminophen/ibuprofen group compared to the ketorolac group. Maximum nausea scores were significantly increased with similar ondansetron requirements. Therefore, antiemetic prophylaxis is needed regardless of group.

Background The rate of international migration for the primary purpose of employment has increased exponentially in recent decades. A significant proportion of this global movement takes place across East and Southeast Asia as workers move on a temporary basis from lower-middle-income home countries such as Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam to high-income host destinations including Hong Kong and Singapore. Relatively little is known about the unique and long-term health needs of this heterogeneous group of people. This systematic review presents an analysis of recent research into the experiences and perceptions of health of temporary migrant workers in the East and Southeast Asian regions. Methods Five electronic databases CINAHL Complete (via EbscoHost), EMBASE (including Medline), PsycINFO (via ProQuest), PubMed and Web of Science, were systematically searched for qualitative or mixed methods, peer-reviewed literature published in print or online between January 2010 and December 2020. Quality of the studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research published by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Findings from the included articles were extracted and synthesised using qualitative thematic analysis. Results Eight articles were included in the review. Findings from this review indicate that multiple dimensions of workers’ health is impacted by the processes of temporary migration. In addition, the research reviewed indicated that migrant workers used various strategies and mechanisms to attempt to address their health-related issues and to take better care of themselves. Such agentic practices could help them manage and maintain their health and wellbeing across physical, psychological and spiritual dimensions within the structural constraints of their employment. Conclusions Limited published research has focused on the health perceptions and needs of temporary migrant workers in East and Southeast Asia. The studies included in this review focused on female migrant domestic workers in Hong Kong, Singapore, and the Philippines. These studies provide valuable insights but do not reflect the heterogeneity of migrants moving within these regions. The findings of this systematic review highlight that temporary migrant workers experience high and sustained levels of stress and are exposed to certain health risks which may compromise long-term health outcomes. These workers demonstrate knowledge and skills in managing their own health. This suggests that strength-based approaches to health promotion interventions may be effective in optimising their health over time. These findings are relevant to policy makers and non-government organisations supporting migrant workers.