Background: Abrupt implementation of lockdowns during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected the management of diabetes mellitus in patients worldwide. Limited access to health facilities and lifestyle changes potentially affected metabolic parameters in patients at risk. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine any differences in the control of metabolic parameters in patients with diabetes, before and during lockdown. Methods: We performed searches of five databases. Meta-analyses were carried out using random-or fixed-effect approaches to glycaemic control parameters as the primary outcome: glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), random blood glucose (RBG), fasting blood glucose (FBG), time-in-range (TIR), time-above-range (TAR), time-below-range (TBR). Mean difference (MD), confidence interval (CI), and P value were calculated. Lipid profile was a secondary outcome and is presented as a descriptive analysis. Results: Twenty-one studies enrolling a total of 3,992 patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM or T2DM) were included in the study. Patients with T1DM showed a significant improvement of TIR and TAR (MD=3.52% [95% CI, 0.29 to 6.74], I 2 =76%, P=0.03; MD=-3.36% [95% CI, -6.48 to -0.25], I 2 =75%, P=0.03), while FBG among patients with T2DM significantly worsened (MD=3.47 mg/dL [95% CI, 1.22 to 5.73], I 2 =0%, P<0.01). No significant difference was found in HbA1c, RBG, and TBR. Use of continuous glucose monitoring in T1DM facilitated good glycaemic control. Significant deterioration of lipid parameters during lockdown, particularly triglyceride, was observed. Conclusion: Implementation of lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic did not worsen glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. Other metabolic parameters improved during lockdown, though lipid parameters, particularly triglyceride, worsened.

Simulation-based mastery learning (SBML) is an emerging form of competency-based training that has been proposed as the next standard method for procedural task training, including that in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Current basic gastrointestinal endoscopy training relies on the number of procedures performed, and it has been criticized for its lack of objective standards that result in variable skills among trainees and its association with patient safety risk. Thus, incorporating simulators into a competency-based curriculum seems ideal for gastrointestinal endoscopy training. The curriculum for SBML in gastrointestinal endoscopy is currently being developed and has promising potential to translate into the clinical performance. Unlike the present apprenticeship model of “see one, do one, teach one,” SBML integrates a competency-based curriculum with specific learning objectives alongside simulation-based training. This allows trainees to practice essential skills repeatedly, receive feedback from experts, and gradually develop their abilities to achieve mastery. Moreover, trainees and trainers need to understand the learning targets of the program so that trainees can focus their learning on the necessary skills and trainers can provide structured feedback based on the expected outcomes. In addition to learning targets, an assessment plan is essential to provide trainees with future directions for their improvement and ensure patient safety by issuing a passing standard. Finally, the SBML program should be planned and managed by a specific team and conducted within a developed and tested curriculum. This review discusses the current state of gastrointestinal endoscopy training and the role of SBML in that field.

AbstrakStatus gizi adalah kondisi fisiologis tubuh terkait konsumsi makanan dan penggunaan zat gizi oleh tubuh. Hingga sekarang, masalah gizi masih umum terjadi terutama di negara berkembang. Status gizi pada siswa sekolah dasar penting karena dapat mempengaruhi kognitif dan capaian pembelajaran siswa. Salah satu akar masalah gizi adalah kemiskinan yang terkait dengan sosiodemografi yang meliputi status sosial dan ekonomi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan karakteristik sosiodemografi dan status gizi siswa sekolah dasar di Desa Wokam dan Desa Karangguli, Kabupaten Kepualaun Aru, Maluku. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan cross-sectional dan jenis penelitian ini adalah analitik observasional. Penilaian status gizi menggunakan grafik berat badan terhadap tinggi badan dengan kriteria Waterlow. Data mengenai sosiodemografi dikumpulkan dengan wawancara. Hubungan antara karakteristik sosiodemografi dan status gizi dinilai dengan uji statistik chi-square. Dari 106 sampel, 73 siswa (68,9%) memiliki status gizi normal dan 33 siswa (31,1%) memiliki status gizi kurang. Uji statistik tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan antara karakteristik sosiodemografi dan status gizi di Desa Wokam dan Karangguli, Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru. Kata kunci  : hubungan, siswa sekolah dasar, sosiodemografi, status gizi AbstractNutritional status is a physiological condition of the body related to food consumption and requirements of the body. Until now, malnutrition is a common problem in developing countries. Nutritional status in school age children is important because it can affect cognitive ability and student achievement. One of the root problems of malnutrition is poverty which is related to sociodemographic including social and economic status. The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between sociodemographic characteristics and nutritional status in elementary school children in Wokam and Karangguli Village, Aru Islands Regency, Maluku. This study used cross-sectional study design and the type of this study is analytical observational. Nutritional status was assessed using weight to stature growth chart with Waterlow criteria. Data about sociodemographic were collected by interview. Correlation between sociodemographic characteristics and nutritional status were analyzed using chi-square test. From 106 samples, 73 students (68,9%) have normal nutritional status and 33 students (31,1%) were wasted. No significant correlation was found between sociodemographic characteristics and nutritional status in Wokam and Karangguli Village, Aru Islands Regency. Keywords:     correlation, elementary school students, nutritional status, sociodemographic

Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) infection is the most common intestinal parasite infection in Indonesia. STH infection can interfere with child development and cause cognitive impairment in severe cases.  The school-age group is the most susceptible to STH infection because of direct contact with soil in the school yard. STH infection incidence can be avoided by adequate water, healthy latrines, and good hygiene and can be improved by proper interventions. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) with STH infection in Aru Islands District, Maluku. This study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted in Elementary Schools in Karangguli and Wokam villages, Aru Islands district, Maluku. One hundred and six stool samples were collected from both villages. The sociodemographic and WASH data were collected using the interview method. Stool samples were collected and examined for STH infection using a direct smear technique on the light microscope. Data statistical analysis was performed by the SPSS program using the Chi-square or Fischer’s Exact test. The examination results showed that 73 students (68.9%) were infected with STH. The bivariate analysis showed that water source (p = 0.000002), defecation place (p = 0.002), and washing hands after defecation (p = 0.048) were all significantly correlated with STH infection. This study concluded that WASH variables which were water source, defecation place, and washing hands after defecation had a significant correlation with STH infection. Keywords: Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH); soil-transmitted helminths infection; elementary school students.