Agriculture is a principal economic activity mainly for those developing countries. This study was intended to analyze the impact of agricultural input supply on small scale farming in the study area; to examine the trends and forms of farming practiced by the farmers, to identify the farm input constraint existed in the study area, to assess input supply and its link with forms of farming. Both primary data and secondary were used for the study. In the survey three different forms of farming were identified. These are farmers who cultivate their own lands, rent out their land and rent in other's land. A formal and informal survey was conducted to gather information in Ambo district by using descriptive sampling techniques. The major output of the study indicates that agricultural input supply is poor in the study area. Moreover, input supply is influenced by major factors like input price, absence of input supply at the right time, credit constraint, farm size and annual income. Therefore, it is recommended that, improving the efficiency of credit system, timely and sufficient amount of delivering credit to farmers who engaged on crop production has to be considered, establishing efficient extension service in the study area is mandatory.

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Ethiopian Smallholder farmers is highly vulnerable to climate variability and change due to its great reliance on climate sensetive economy .Different empirical evidence's has put forward about climate change perception and adaptation practices.However, the findings of major studies are highly aggregated and are of little help in addressing local peculiarities of perception and adaptation strategies .While, others were vague to understandand and finally difficult to implement at farm level. Hence ,this paper reviews the empirical literature on smallholder farmers' perceptions and adaptation strategies of climate change in Ethiopia with specific objectives of; to review the Smallholder framers' perception to climate change, to identify climate change adaptation strategies used by Smallholder farmers' and to review factors that determine smallholder farmers choice of climate change adaptation strategies in Ethiopia.This paper was prepared through wide spread review of empirical evidence's. The review found that the majority of farmers in Ethiopia are aware of climate change in average change in temperatures and rainfall pattern with passion of weather extremes such as droughts ,floods,pest and disease manifestation. To deal with up the unfavorable sound effects of climate change, farmers have adopted strategies like crop diversification, using improved varieties, changing planting and harvesting dates, irrigation, planting tree crops, water and soil conservation techniques,switching to non-farm income activities, marketing during forage shock, using drought tolerant breed andfodder preservation.But , preference of adaptation strategies differs from place to place, farms to farms, and households capacity. At household level, most of the empirical evidence revealed Agro-ecological setting, sex, education level, landholding, farm income, non-farm income, livestock ownership, access to credit, extension visit, farmer-to-farmer extension, access to climate information and average distance from home to the farm have significant influence on the choice of climate adaptation strategies.The review result depicted that there is much dearth of empirical evidences regarding livestock sectors so far as much of the research is focused on crop sector's.Therefore, it has been suggested to further investigate deep rooted emperical evidence's on adaptation strategies of livestock sectors and available indigenous knowledge especially in pastoral areas.Further more, there is a need to explore impacts of climate change and single adaptation strategies on livelihood of smallholder's farmers at each farm level autonomously.

Ethiopia's economy is predominantly agricultural where the livestock sub-sector plays substantial role. Hides and skin is an important strategic sector for the economic and industrial development of Ethiopia. Though the country has very good potential for supplying finished skins and hides products to the world market, the quality of skins and hides supplied has rather deteriorated over time. Therefore, this seminar was conducted to review hide and skin value chain in Ethiopia, to review hide and skin value chain actors, maps and its value addition in Ethiopia, to review the major constraints and opportunities of hide and skin in Ethiopia ,to review hides and skins production ,utilization and its constraint in Ethiopia and to review hide and skin marketing and its constraints in Ethiopia. Poor quality of hides and skins , Poor animal husbandry ,Improper preserved hides and skins ,Lack of price incentives ,absence of quality grading, reflections of the economic policy, market information, and requirements from the tanneries and end market are main challenge observed hide and skin value chain. Creation of awareness among extension staff, butchers, collectors, tanners and other stakeholders and the general public of the economic importance of hides and skins are very important. Developing Clear pricing system based on grading and standard of hide and skin and improving access to market information As well as Clear policy and strategy for the development of hide and skin sector should be developed by Member State that have not done so far.