The vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster is proving to be an excellent system to study the in vivo regulation of the essential metal copper. The Ctr1A/B and DmATP7 copper transport proteins have well-established roles in Drosophila copper uptake and efflux, respectively. Both Ctr1A and DmATP7 are essential genes, whereas Ctr1B mutants are viable but die in excess or depleted copper conditions. Less is known about the tissue-specific requirements for these three genes and how they interact to maintain copper homeostasis in different cell types. Here, we use targeted overexpression and suppression of each gene to examine these questions in vivo. We find that in the epidermal cells that form the adult thoracic and abdominal cuticle, Ctr1A plays a major role in copper uptake, whereas Ctr1B plays only a minor supporting role and DmATP7, as previously shown, is essential for transfer of copper to the trans-Golgi network. We also find that the copper chaperone dSco1 appears necessary for supplying the mitochondria with copper in these tissues. In contrast, in the developing Drosophila eye, DmATP7 appears to be non-essential unless copper levels in these cells are artificially elevated. Again, Ctr1A is the main copper uptake gene in the eye, but when ectopically expressed, Ctr1B has greater phenotypic effects than Ctr1A. Furthermore, Ctr1A and Ctr1B show a dramatic synergistic interaction, indicating their relationship is more complicated than a simply additive one and that they may in fact act cooperatively for optimal copper import.

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