Orthostatic tolerance is reduced with increasing age and following prolonged exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of age on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular responses to orthostatic stress following prolonged exercise. Measurements were obtained before, and within 45 min after, 4 h of continuous running at 70-80% of maximal heart rate in nine young (Y; 27 ± 4 years;V O 2 max 59 ± 10 ml kg -34 ± 13%; P < 0.05); and total peripheral resistance was lowered in the older athletes but was unchanged in the young (Y: +8 ± 10%; O: -21 ± 12%; (at 10 s pre-syncope) P < 0.05). Despite a lower MCAv in the older athletes, time to syncope was similar between groups; however, the integrative mechanisms responsible for syncope did differ with age. The similar MCAv at pre-syncope indicates there is an age-independent critical cerebral blood flow threshold at which syncope occurs.

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We report on student and staff perceptions of synchronous online teaching and learning sessions in mathematics and computing. The study is based on two surveys of students and tutors conducted 5 years apart, and focusses on the educational experience as well as societal and accessibility dimensions. Key conclusions are that both staff and students value online sessions, to supplement face-to-face sessions, mainly for their convenience, but interaction within the sessions is limited. Students find the recording of sessions particularly helpful in their studies.

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