No abstract

Although large body of research has demonstrated the attention-grabbing nature of threat-related stimuli, threat could also facilitate attentional processes. Previous studies suggest a linear relationship between the facilitating effect of the arousal level conveyed by threat and performance on visual search tasks. Due to the temporal competition bias favouring stimuli with higher arousal level, this could be more pronounced for shorter onset times. Here, through two experiments we aimed to disentangle the two effects by using a visual search paradigm that allowed us to separate the emotional stimuli and the cognitive task. We manipulated stimulus onset time and threat intensity. Participants saw neutral and threatening pictures as priming stimuli, and then, they had to find numbers in ascending order in a matrix array. We measured the reaction time for finding the first number, and search time for finding all the numbers. Our results showed that when the priming stimulus is presented, longer threatening pictures produced longer reaction times compared to neutral ones, which was reversed with increase in arousal. We did not find any significant effects for the shorter onset time. Further theoretical and methodological implications are discussed. Relevance and background of the study The study of attentional biases for threat has been a major theme in the research on the aetiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders (McNally, 2018). A large body of this research area demonstrated that threatening stimuli have a highlighted role in visual processing (

Social media platforms host an increasing amount of costumer reviews on a wide range of products. While most studies on product reviews focus on the sentiments expressed or helpfulness judged by readers and on their impact on subsequent buying this study aims at uncovering the psychological state of the persons making the reviews. More specifically, the study applies a narrative approach to the analysis of product reviews and addresses the question what the narrative construction of product reviews reveals about the level of post-decisional cognitive dissonance experienced by reviewers. The study involved 94 participants, who were asked to write a product review on their recently bought cell phones. The level of cognitive dissonance was measured by a self-report scale. The product reviews were analyzed by the Narrative Categorical Content Analytical Toolkit. The analysis revealed that agency, spatio-temporal perspective, and psychological perspective reflected the level of cognitive dissonance of the reviewers. The results are interpreted by elaborating on the idea that narratives have affordance to express affect.

A large body of research has demonstrated the attention-grabbing nature of threat-related stimuli. According to the results of studies using spatial cueing tasks, threat could also facilitate attentional processes. However, it was pointed out that it is not clear whether the attentional draw or the facilitated processing caused by threatening stimuli lead to a better performance compared to neutral ones. Here, we aimed to disentangle the two effects by using a visual search paradigm that allowed us to separate the emotional stimuli and the cognitive task. We manipulated stimulus onset time and threat intensity. Participants saw neutral and threatening pictures as priming stimuli, and then, they had to find numbers in ascending order in a matrix array. We measured the reaction time for finding the first number, and search time for finding all the numbers. Our results showed that when the priming stimulus is presented longer threatening pictures had an attentional-grabbing effect compared to neutral ones, which was compensated by the facilitating effect of threat. We did not find any significant effects for the shorter presentation time. Further theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.

Previous studies investigating the advantage of emotional expressions in visual processing in preschool children only used adult faces. However, children perceive facial expression of emotions differently when displayed on adults’ compared to children’s faces. In the present study, pre-schoolers (N=43, Mean age=5.65) and adults (N=37, Mean age=21.8) had to find a target face displaying an emotional expression among eight neutral faces. Gender of the faces (boy and girl) were also manipulated. Happy faces were found the fastest across both samples. Children detected the angry face faster than the fearful one, while adults vice versa. However, an interaction in the adult sample suggests that this is only true for girls’ faces, while the difference was nonsignificant for boys’ faces. In both samples, the detection was faster with boys’ faces compare to girls’ for all emotions. It is suggested that the happy face could have an advantage in visual processing due to its importance in social situations.