Lifetime prevalence estimates of psychosis in community samples are strongly influenced by methods of assessment and diagnosis. Although results using computer algorithms were similar in the National Comorbidity Survey and Epidemiologic Catchment Area studies, diagnoses so obtained agreed poorly with clinical diagnoses. Accurate assessment of psychotic illness in epidemiologic samples may require collection of extensive contextual information for clinician review.

Based on this pilot study, the 34-item EI instrument demonstrates the ability to measure attributes that indicate desirable personal and interpersonal skills in medical school applicants.

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A versatile synthesis of 2-arylpyrroles and 2-arylindoles is described based on the use of either N-(Boc) pyrrole-2-boronic acid or N-(Boc) indole-2-boronic acid as components for Suzuki coupling.We have described the design of a series of 2,5-disubstituted pyrroles 1 as selective dopamine D 3 receptor antagonists, the synthesis of which required 2-arylpyrroles 2 as key intermediates. 1 Initial approaches to 2 involved reaction of the appropriate benzoyl chloride 3 with Grignard reagent 4 and subsequent treatment with ammonium acetate in a modification of a known procedure. 2 This method is, however, incompatible with the presence of acidic protons or basic nitrogens in 2, and each desired substitution pattern requires repetition of a lengthy reaction sequence. An alternative strategy based on palladium-catalysed aryl cross-coupling methodology offered promise as a shorter, direct and more flexible route and here we describe the successful implementation of this approach.The few literature examples of palladium-catalysed cross coupling involving metallated pyrroles have mainly described the use of magnesium, zinc and tin species. 3,4,5 The use of N-(triisopropylsilyl)pyrrole-3-boronic acid as a Suzuki coupling substrate has been reported, 5 and more recently, the coupling of N-(Boc) pyrrole-2-boronic acid 6 5 to a pyrrole-2-triflate has been described. 7 The use of N-(phenylsulfonyl) pyrrole-2-boronic acid in Suzuki couplings has also been reported. However, the synthesis of this boronic acid starting material proceeds in only 7.5% yield. 8The wide availability of aryl halides, together with the reported stability of 5 suggested a general methodology for the synthesis of 2-arylpyrroles. The N-Boc pyrrole 5 can be readily prepared on a 20 g scale according to the procedure of Martina et al. 6 and the cross coupling reactions of 5 with a range of aryl halides were carried out using the Gronowitz conditions. 9 A mixture of the appropriate aryl iodide or bromide (ArX), tetrakis-(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (5 mol%) and 5 (1.4 equivalents) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane, with an excess of aqueous sodium carbonate as base, was heated at reflux for 0.5-18 h to give the corresponding N-Boc aryl pyrroles 6 10 (Scheme 1). The results of the study are summarised in Table 1. For the simple monosubstituted and unsubstituted aryl halides (entries 1-7), a trend was observed towards greater reactivity with increased electron deficiency of the Ar group. In the case of Ar = Ph, iodobenzene (entry 1) gave a cleaner reaction than bromobenzene (entry 2).In all instances the major competing side reactions were deboronation of 5 to give N-(Boc) pyrrole and production of the homodimer 7. 11 The 2-methoxy substituted halides (entries 8-11) gave particularly high yields, possibly due to participation by the 2-methoxy group in the coordination of the intermediate arylpalladium species, and this methodology proved to be compatible with the presence of acidic NH residues (entries 9 and 10) and with the presence of a basic nitrogen centre (entry ...

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