No abstract

The filtration properties of three mycelial cultures (Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces tendae, and Penicillium chrysogenum) have been measured and quantified in terms of standard filtration equations. Three of the filtration parameters, the hyphal density, the index of compressibility, and the Kozeny constant, were found to vary systematically with broth age and with the visually observed morphology (i.e., pellets VI filaments). Since broth age and mycelial morphology both have a strong influence on bioreactor productivity, it is suggested that filtration could be used for on-line monitoring of mycelial fermentations.

Summary Production logging tools obtained from three service companies were tested in one-, two-, and three-phase flow in an inclinable flow test facility. These tests were inspired by the often confusing production logs obtained in deviated wells. The experiments have shown that two- phase flow regimes in inclined pipes differ markedly from those in vertical flow at similar flow rates and that these flow regimes adversely affect production logging tool responses. The experiments performed, the behavior of the production logging tools, and a statistical analysis of the data are discussed. Introduction Production logging tools obtained from three service companies were tested in one-, two-, and three-phase flow in an inclined flow test facility at Marathon Oil Co.'s Denver Research Center. Flow rates were chosen to simulate downhole conditions in producing wells in the McArthur River field, where production logging is used extensively. Liquid flow rates ranged from 70 to 3,400 B/D (11 to 540 m3/d) and gas rates ranged from 0 to 7.5 Mcf/D (0 to 210 m3 /d) during the tests. To simulate the wide range of well deviations in this off- shore field, the pipe angle also was varied from vertical to 60 degrees from vertical. Production logging tool responses were measured over this range of conditions to understand tool behavior and to try to correlate measurements with actual flow rates. Flow patterns observed in multiphase flow in an inclined pipe were found to affect production logging tool responses dramatically. In gas/liquid flow in a slanted pipe, slug flow was the predominant flow regime, whereas in oil/water two-phase flow. a stratified flow was common. In both cases. the lighter phase would move rapidly along the upper side of the pipe, establishing a circulating current that caused downflow along the lower side of the pipe. We repeatedly observed this pattern even though the net flow of all fluids was upward. Because of this nonuniform flow profile in multiphase flow in inclined wells, responses of production logging tools that measure localized quantities do not represent volumetric flow rates, average densities, or holdups. In this type of flow situation, spinner-type velocity tools often indicate reverse flow, especially when they are not centralized. Density and capacitance tools tend to be immersed primarily in the denser phase in a multiphase flow situation, preventing them from indicating average flow properties. Capacitance tools also exhibited nonlinear calibrations in static fluids, which makes their response suspect in a flowing stream. Flow concentrating flowmeters were the best tools tested for flow-rate measurements because they force most of the flow stream through a turbine inside the tools. A film made during the testing of production logging tools illustrates the profound effect of inclined, multiphase flow on these devices. A 5-minute videotape version of this film is available from SPE.* We used multivariate regression analysis to correlate the responses of two of the tool strings with the flow rates of each fluid and with the deviation angle. These correlations were used to predict the fluid flow rates from specific sets of tool response. Correlations obtained, however, were not sufficiently accurate for use in production logging interpretation. Improvements in tool design will be necessary before this technique can be applied to field interpretations. The technique does appear valid for tools that measure average fluid properties across the pipe. JPT P. 2432^

Coalescence frequency has been measured in an air-sparged bubble column by observing the rate with which insoluble tracer gases were mixed within the dispersed gas phase. The effects of gas-sparge rate and salt concentration were examined. Coalescence frequencies increased with increasing gas-sparge rates approximately in proportion to the increase in gas-phase hold up. The coalescence frequency decreased with NaCI concentration to a minimum frequency about half the frequency observed in pure water. Bubble size distributions were also measured in the air-sparged column. The size distribution changed significantly over the same range of NaCI concentration as variations in the coalescence frequency were observed. The gas-sparge rate showed no effect on the bubble size.

A new technique based on a fractal model has been developed for the quantification of the macroscopic morophology of mycelia. The morphological structuring is treated as a fractal object, and the fractal dimension, determined by an ultrasonic scattering procedure developed for the purpose, serves as a quantitative morphological index. Experimental observations reported earlier and simulations of mycelial growth, carried out using a probabilistic-geometric growth model developed for the purpose, both validate the applicability of the fractal model. In experiments with three different species, the fractal dimensions of pelletous structures were found to be in the range 1.45-2.0 and those of filamentous structures were in the range 1.9-2.7, with values around 2.0 representing mixed morphologies. Fractal dimensions calculated from simulated mycelia are in rough agreement with these ranges. The fractal dimension is also found to be relatively insensitive to the biomass concentration, as seen by dilution of the original broths. The relation between morphology and filtration properties of the broths has also been studied. The fractal dimension shows a strong correlation with the index of cake compressibility and with the Kozeny constant, two filtration parameters that are known to be morphology dependent. This technique could thus be used to develop correlations between the morphology, represented by the fractal dimension, and important morphology-dependent process variables.