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The NFPA 70E standard -2012 edition and the CSA Z462-12 standard describe the calculations required to determine the approximated incident energy in a DC arc flash. These calculations assume that the power source for the DC system is linear. This paper describes the calculations required to estimate the incident energy in a DC arc flash for solar farms, where the power source is highly nonlinear. The equations required for the calculation are derived from fundamentals and compared to the equations provided by the above standards. The incident energy levels found in a typical solar farm are presented in an example, where the results obtained by the application of the standards and the proposed method are compared. Recommendations to include in the standards the provisions for the calculation of DC arc flash in solar farms are given in this paper.

. The authors wish to express their appreciation to Samantha McNeilly of the AUM Library for her careful review and comments upon an earlier draft of this work. © 2015 Timothy P. Bailey, Amanda L. Scott, and Rickey D. Best. Academic libraries continue to face funding pressures compounded by the need to provide students with access to electronic resources, both in journal and book formats. With space constraints and the need to repurpose library space to other uses, libraries must carefully examine the move to e-only formats for books to determine if the format makes reasonable economic sense.A survey conducted at Auburn University at Montgomery (AUM) has confirmed for academic libraries the work of Gray and Copeland on e-books being more expensive than print for public libraries. For AUM, the mean cost for an e-book is significantly higher than for the print counterpart of that title. The cost differentials between the two formats show e-books as being consistently higher than print in initial price. This consistency holds true across all LC classifications, regardless of whether or not the title is published by a university press or a commercial press. uburn University at Montgomery (AUM) is a regional, doctoral level V institution as defined by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges. The institution has a student enrollment of approximately 5,000 undergraduate and graduate students and offers 34 undergraduate and 25 graduate degree programs.Due to space constraints, the continued growth of the AUM Library's collections has been challenged. In an attempt to address this challenge, the library is considering altering the book selection process to favor e-books over print. The library has a history of using e-books, having subscribed to all of the netLibrary collections (now EBSCO e-books) and the ACLS Humanities collections. The library has also recently licensed access to Springer e-books collections. These collections were purchased or licensed as a group of titles and did not require individual selection for titles. Library emphasis has been to rely upon the e-book version of specific titles and to avoid duplicating those in print.

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An investigation was carried out to determine how much, if any, 4-methylimidazole is present in'caramels and some other materials used inbrewing. Existing analytical methods were modified to improve sensitivity. 4-Methylimidazole was not detectable in roasted barley, chocolate malt, crystal malt, Farbebier, wort and beer, when the limit of detection was 1 mg/kg. However, caramels manufactured by different processes contained amounts ranging from undetectable to 280 mg/kg.