Summer learning loss – decreased academic performance following an extended school break, typically during the period after one grade ends and before another grade starts – is a well-documented phenomenon in North America, but poorly described in sub-Saharan African contexts. In this article, we use the term ‘grade-transition break’ loss in lieu of ‘summer’ loss to refer to the period after one grade ends and before another grade starts. This study analyses data from early grade reading assessments in Malawi, estimating statistically significant average reductions of 0.38 standard deviations (SD) across several measures of reading and pre-reading skills during two grade-transition breaks. The data show the loss in reading skills during the extended breaks between grades 1 and 2 and between grades 2 and 3 in two consecutive years. The study found no gender-based differences in loss. The findings suggest a need for early grade reading interventions to develop and evaluate mitigation strategies lest significant proportions of within-year performance gains be lost over the break between academic years.

Our aim for this article was to generate practical top tips for those doctors considering, about to start or having just commenced a dedicated teaching role, helping individuals to get the most from their time. It also explains what these teaching fellowships can involve, and gives those thinking of undertaking a dedicated teaching role a better idea of what to expect.

Highlights Reducing learning inequality in foundational literacy is possible. Interventions focusing on foundational skills may reduce learning inequality even without specific inequality targeting. Measurement of learning inequality in foundational literacy is possible using existing tools familiar to economics. Measuring learning at the bottom of the pyramid can lead to insights otherwise not observable through sample averages. Improvements in means and in learning equity are not only compatible but indeed tend to happen simultaneously.

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Pyomyositis of the obturator externus muscle is a rare cause of limp and hip pain in children. The exact etiology of the condition remains poorly understood, although a mechanism of transient bacteremia in association with increased muscle susceptibility has been proposed. This case describes the course of a rather than 1 child from presentation to diagnosis and demonstrates the requirement for magnetic resonance imaging in establishing a diagnosis.