Given that these problems are common and their solutions are resource-intensive, there is a place for collaboration and a need for further research.

descriptions of how curricula are structured and run. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) MedBiquitous Curriculum Inventory Standard provides a technical syntax through which a wide range of different curricula can be expressed and subsequently compared and analyzed. This standard has the potential to shift curriculum mapping and reporting from a somewhat disjointed and institution-specific undertaking to something that is shared among multiple medical schools and across whole medical education systems. Given the current explosion of different models of curricula (time-free, competency-based, socially accountable, distributed, accelerated, etc.), the ability to consider this diversity using a common model has particular value in medical education management and scholarship. This article describes the development and structure of the Curriculum Inventory Standard as a way of standardizing the modeling of different curricula for audit, evaluation and research purposes. It also considers the strengths and limitations of the current standard and the implications for a medical education world in which this level of commonality, precision, and accountability for curricular practice is the norm rather than the exception.

TIME (Topics for Indexing Medical Education) is a general-purpose, intermediate-granularity taxonomy of topics that describe the content of undergraduate medical education. Within outcome-based education systems, curriculum planning focuses on the desired product rather than process, and the contributions of curricular elements to achievement of the outcomes must be made visible. In this paper, we discuss how TIME may be used as a content index in curriculum maps to link curricular elements to multiple outcome frameworks. This assists with curriculum development and evaluation, quality assurance, curriculum searching, detection of gaps and redundancies, and sharing of educational objects. TIME is available at http://www.time-item.org (username "guest"; password "guest").

This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of effective ways of overcoming distributed learning challenges in online CPD using a flipped approach.

TIME is available as a web application that allows users from various schools to enter their school-specific outcomes, competencies and learning objectives, and then link these to the standardised topics in a way that is meaningful to the school. The entire TIME content and structure can then be exported, via xml, to external applications and used as an index for curriculum mapping, meta-tagging learning objects, or categorising examination questions. TIME can be viewed at http://www.time-item.org (username: 'guest'; password: 'guest').