Fatty liver disease (FLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. The pathogenesis of this disease is closely related to obesity and insulin resistance.Ginger has hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects and acts as an insulin sensitizer.This study aims to evaluate the effect of ginger supplementation on the fatty liver.A comprehensive search of Medline/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science/ ISI, and Cochrane databases was conducted without time or language restrictions. Eighteen eligible studies were identified, including 17 in-vivo experiments in quantitative analysis and 3 clinical trials in qualitative analysis. The present study provides comprehensive evidence of the efficacy of ginger to improve the liver levels of cholesterol (À5.60 mg/g), triglycerides (TG, À4.28 mg/g), malondialdehyde (À3.16 nmol/mg), catalase (CAT) (3.35 nmol/mg), superoxide dismutase (SOD, 3.01 U/mg), serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT, À2.85 U/L), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, À0.98 U/L), TG (À4.98 mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL, À3.94 mg/dL), total cholesterol (TC, À3.45 mg/dL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL, 1.27 mg/dL), and fasting blood sugar (FBS, À2.54 mg/dL). Ginger administration may reduce many clinical aspects of FLD by several mechanisms, including insulin-sensitive effects, stimulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes, reducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), having antidyslipidemic activities, and reducing hepatic fat content. However, future clinical trials are essential to investigate the clinical application of ginger in this area.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver disease in children. Following earlier reports on an increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity, NAFLD is now becoming increasingly common in children. Although no definitive cure exists, early management, early diagnosis, and treatment can reduce its complications. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the combination of ginger and an anti‐inflammatory diet (AID) in children with obesity on fatty liver management. This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 160 children with obesity aged 8–11 years, with a mean (SD) weight of 65.01 (9.67) kg, mean (SD) height of 139.87 (7.37) cm, and mean (SD) body mass index of 33.40 (5.59) kg/m2. The study duration was 12 weeks. Children were divided into four groups: ginger (G), AID, ginger plus an AID (GPA), and control. Ginger capsules comprised 1000 mg of ginger, whereas the AID comprised fruits and vegetables, fish, turkey, and chicken (without skin) with lean meat, omega‐3 sources, nuts, legumes, probiotic products, and elimination of inflammatory food. Following the intervention, serum fasting blood sugar and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein levels were significantly decreased in the AID (p = .006 and .002, respectively), G (p = .04 and <.001, respectively), and GPA (p <.001 in both cases, respectively) groups. Further, in the G and GPA groups, there was a significant decrease in body mass index (p = .04 in both cases, respectively), waist circumference (p = .009 and .003, respectively), waist‐to‐height ratio (p = .02 and .005, respectively), alanine aminotransferase (p = .004 and <.001, respectively), total cholesterol (p = .0002 and .0001, respectively) and low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (p < .001 and <.001, respectively). Eventually, serum aspartate aminotransferase was decreased (p < .001) and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (p = .03) was increased significantly in the GPA group. As a main finding of this study, hepatic steatosis significantly decreased in the G and GPA groups. Ginger supplementation can effectively improve NAFLD in children, and its effectiveness was further increased when combined with an AID.

Grip strength in midlife can predict physical disability in senior years. Recent evidence shows the critical role of nutritional status on muscle function. We aimed to elucidate whether adherence to a particular dietary pattern would be associated with abnormal muscle strength among middle-aged people. In this cross-sectional study, a semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to assess the dietary intake of 2781 participants in the Ravansar Non-Communicable Chronic Disease (RaNCD) cohort. Major dietary patterns from 28 main food groups were extracted using principal component analysis. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the association between the tertiles of the major dietary patterns and muscle strength status.Two major dietary patterns were identified: the "mixed dietary pattern" that heavily loaded with fruits, vegetables, nuts, dairies, sweets, legumes, dried fruits, fish, red meat, butter, whole grains, natural juices, poultry, pickles, olive, industrial juice, egg, processed meat, and snacks and "unhealthy dietary pattern" that heavily loaded by fats, sugar, refined grains, soft drink, salt, organ meat, tea, and coffee. Adherence to the mixed dietary pattern (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.8-1.33, P for trend = 0.77) and the unhealthy dietary pattern (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.79-0.13, P for trend = 0.89) did not associate with abnormal muscle strength. This study suggests that the dietary | 6673 SAMADI et Al.

The dietary glycemic load (GL) indicates the quantity and quality of carbohydrates, which can affect ovulation and fertility by controlling insulin sensitivity. Also, past studies confirm the role of the dietary inflammatory index (DII) in many diseases, including metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disorders, so it may be related to reproductive health. This case–control study aims to study the association between glycemic index (GI), GL, and DII with infertility in women. This study was conducted on 300 infertile women in the case group and 300 fertile women in the control group in Kermanshah, Iran. Food intake was evaluated using FFQ, and using NUTRITIONIST IV software programs, GI and GL values were determined. DII was computed as well using FFQ data. Physical activity was assessed using IPAQ‐SF. The association between GI, GL, and DII with infertility was evaluated using a logistic regression test, using STATA version 14 software. The results showed that the DII, GI, and GL were higher in the case group compared to the control group ([p = .009], [p = .0001], and [p = .0007], respectively). The increase in GI, GL, and DII caused an increase in infertility factors, and consequently enhanced chance of infertility ((adjusted odd ratio [OR] 2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16, 3.45), (OR 3.68; 95% CI, 1.99, 6.82), and (OR 1.7; 95% CI, 0.97, 2.95), respectively). The present study indicated that the chance of infertility is higher in women who follow a diet with high GI, GL, and DII. Therefore, a positive association may be present between GI, GL, and DII with infertility.

Background Indices, based on anthropometrics with or without non‐anthropometric components, are predictive of cardio‐metabolic outcomes. Fat mass index (FMI) is similar to BMI except measured fat mass replaces body weight. The visceral adiposity index (VAI) combines anthropometric measures with lipid measurements TG/HDL. The relationship of these indices to incident type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has not been established. Therefore, we have evaluated the predictive power and optimal cut‐off points of FMI, and VAI with T2DM in a cross‐sectional population study. Methods These population‐based cross‐sectional study comprised 8411 adults aged 35–65 years using data from the Ravansar Non‐Communicable Diseases (RaNCD) cohort. VAI and FMI were defined as previously published. Optimal cut‐off points for association with incident T2DM were determined from receiver‐operating curves (ROC). Results The optimal cut‐off point for VAI was 4.86 (AUC: 0.673; 95% CI: 0.65–0.69) and FMI 9.3 (AUC: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.55–0.59), and for T2DM in our study population. The odds ratios (OR) for T2DM were nearly identical, for VAI 1.098 (95% CI: 1.08–1.11) and for FMI 1.08 (95% CI: 1.05–1.10). Conclusions In the current population study, VAI and FMI were weakly associated with T2DM. Therefore, it seems that anthropometric measures are unlikely to be strong mediators of T2DM compared to historical and other factors in the population studied.