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The frequency of the use of deception in American psychological research was studied by reviewing articles from journals in personality and social psychology from 1921 to 1994. Deception was used rarely during the developmental years of social psychology into the 1930s, then grew gradually and irregularly until the 1950s. Between the 1950s and 1970s the use of deception increased significantly. This increase is attributed to changes in experimental methods, the popularity of realistic impact experiments, and the influence of cognitive dissonance theory. Since 1980 there appears to have been a decrease in the use of deception as compared to previous decades which is related to changes in theory, methods, ethical standards, and federal regulation of research.

Though businesses produce nearly half of American solid waste, especially paper waste, little attention and no systematic research has focused on recycling by businesses. This study conducted phone interviews with key informants in a systematic sample of 105 large businesses with headquarters in Los Angeles County, obtaining an 85% response rate. Of the responding companies, 85% reported having paper recycling programs, but the programs' histories and characteristics were highly diverse. Nearly half of the programs began in 1990 or later, many collected only computer and white paper, and most had less than optimal features. Financial motives seemed at least as important as general concern for the environment, and three-fourths of the companies received earnings from their programs. Only about half kept records on their paper recycling-generally the larger companies, which had more formal recycling programs and a variety of other kinds of environmental programs. Implications of the findings for policy and for further research are discussed.