No abstract

Epilepsy is one of the most common episodic neurological disorders, affecting 1% population worldwide. The genetic variations of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor, including missense, nonsense, splice site and frameshift variants in GABRA1-6, GABRB1-3, GABRG1-3, and GABRD, have been identified as some of the primary genetic causes of epilepsy. However, the lack of a complete understanding of the association between epilepsy syndromes and GABAA receptor variants makes it challenging to develop effective therapeutics. Here, we summarize a comprehensive list of over 150 epilepsy-associated variants in the major 1, 2, 3, and 2 Note to the Reader: This chapter is part of the book Epilepsy (ISBN: 978-0-6453320-4-9), scheduled for publication in March 2022. The book is being published by Exon Publications,

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated cation channels that mediate excitatory neurotransmission and are critical for synaptic development and plasticity in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Functional NMDARs typically form via the heterotetrameric assembly of GluN1 and GluN2 subunits. Variants within GRIN genes are implicated in various neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Due to the significance of NMDAR subunit composition for regional and developmental signaling at synapses, properly folded receptors must reach the plasma membrane for their function. This review focuses on the protein quality control of NMDARs. Specifically, we review the quality control mechanisms that ensure receptors are correctly folded and assembled within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and trafficked to the plasma membrane. Further, we discuss disease-associated variants that have shown disrupted NMDAR surface expression and function. Finally, we discuss potential targeted pharmacological and therapeutic approaches to ameliorate disease phenotypes by enhancing the expression and surface trafficking of subunits harboring disease-associated variants, thereby increasing their incorporation into functional receptors.

No abstract