Objectives: To investigate whether PET/CT or PET/MRI is more appropriate for imaging prostate cancer, in terms of for primary tumor detection, local staging and recurrence, as well as lymph nodes and distant metastases. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted on Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library database. Studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of PET/CT vs PET/MRI in prostate cancer patients were emphasized. Results: We reviewed 57 original research articles during the period 2016—2021: 14 articles regarding the radiotracer PSMA; 18 articles regarding the primary tumor detection, local tumor staging, managing local recurrence; 17 articles for managing lymph node metastases; and eight articles for managing bone and other distant metastases. PSMA PET could be complementary to mpMRI for primary prostate cancer localization and is particularly valuable for PI-RADS three lesions. PET/MRI is better than PET/CT in local tumor staging due to its specific benefit in predicting extracapsular extension in MRI-occult prostate cancer patients. PET/MRI is likely superior as compared with PET/CT in detecting local recurrence, and have slightly higher detection rates than PET/CT in lymph node recurrence. PET/CT and PET/MRI seem to have equivalent performance in detecting distant bony or visceral metastases. Conclusion: In conclusion, PET/MRI is suitable for local and regional disease, either primary staging or restaging whereas PET/CT is valuable for managing distant bony or visceral metastasis. Advances in knowledge: We reviewed the emerging applications of PET/MRI and PET/CT in clinical aspects. Readers will gain an objective overview on the strength and shortfalls of PET/MRI or PET/CT in the management of prostate cancer.

Total Kidney Volume (TKV) is essential for analyzing the progressive loss of renal function in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD). Conventionally, to measure TKV from medical images, a radiologist needs to localize and segment the kidneys by defining and delineating the kidney’s boundary slice by slice. However, kidney localization is a time-consuming and challenging task considering the unstructured medical images from big data such as Contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography (CCT). This study aimed to design an automatic localization model of ADPKD using Artificial Intelligence. A robust detection model using CCT images, image preprocessing, and Single Shot Detector (SSD) Inception V2 Deep Learning (DL) model is designed here. The model is trained and evaluated with 110 CCT images that comprise 10,078 slices. The experimental results showed that our derived detection model outperformed other DL detectors in terms of Average Precision (AP) and mean Average Precision (mAP). We achieved mAP = 94% for image-wise testing and mAP = 82% for subject-wise testing, when threshold on Intersection over Union (IoU) = 0.5. This study proves that our derived automatic detection model can assist radiologist in locating and classifying the ADPKD kidneys precisely and rapidly in order to improve the segmentation task and TKV calculation.

This study evaluated the effect of body composition and pelvic fat distribution on the aggressiveness and prognosis of localized prostate cancer. This study included patients who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy with positive surgical margins. Clinicodemographic data were collected from patients' medical reports. Pretreatment magnetic resonance images (MRI) obtained for cancer staging were reviewed by a single radiologist to calculate pelvic fat distribution and body composition. We correlated these body composition parameters with initial prostate-specific antigen (iPSA), Gleason score, extracapsular tumor extension, and biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival. The iPSA was significantly associated with body mass index (BMI; P = .027), pelvic fat volume (P = .004), and perirectal fat volume (P = .001), whereas the Gleason score was significantly associated with BMI only (P = .011). Tumor extracapsular extension was significantly associated with increased periprostatic fat volume (P = .047). Patients with less subcutaneous fat thickness (<2.4 cm) had significantly poor BCR-free survival (P = .039). Pelvic fat distribution, including pelvic fat volume, perirectal fat volume, and periprostatic fat volume, were significantly correlated with prostate cancer aggressiveness. Patients with less subcutaneous fat had an increased risk of BCR after radical prostatectomy.

Onyx is an emerging treatment modality for visceral vascular malformations, especially in cases in which delicate nidal penetration of the arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is desired. A computed tomography (CT) image presentation of hyperdense striations along the renal medulla secondary to the tantalum powder has not been previously reported.A 65-year-old woman presented to our institution with intermittent gross hematuria and left flank pain for 10 days. Both CT and conventional angiographies confirmed cirsoid-type renal AVM, which was successfully treated with Onyx. Follow-up CT after treatment revealed presence of hyperdense striations along the renal medulla, which resolved during later image follow-up.Despite its frequent usage in neural intervention, the application of Onyx in visceral AVM is gradually gaining interest, especially in cases in which delicate nidal penetration of the AVM is desired. Renal hyperdense striation sign should be recognized to avoid confusion with embolizer migration, and further studies in patients with renal function impairment may be helpful in understanding its influence of renal function.