Eu2O3 nanotubes have been successfully fabricated by an improved sol-gel template method within the nanochannels of porous anodic alumina templates. The morphology, structure, and composition of the nanotubes were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction techniques, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, and selected-area electron diffraction. The results show that the Eu2O3 nanotubes are polycrystalline with a cubic structure. The outer diameter of nanotubes is 50-80 nm, and the thickness of the tube wall is about 5 nm. The mechanism of nanotube formation was discussed.
1-butyl-4-(4¢-pyridyl)-pyridinium bromide with P-V was carried out at a molar feed ratio of two units of 1-butyl-4-(4¢-pyridyl)-pyridinium bromide per vinylbenzyl chloride unit in ethanol. The product after this reaction is denoted as P-V-V.The reaction of P-V or P-V-V nanospheres with gold(III) chloride was carried out by dispersing 0.4 mg mL ±1 of the nanospheres in a standard gold chloride solution of 200 ppm Au (obtained by diluting gold(III) chloride standard solution (1000 ppm Au) in 0.5 M HCl) in Pyrex tubes. The tubes were purged with argon for 30 min and then sealed with rubber stoppers and exposed to UV irradiation in a Riko rotary photochemical reactor (RH400-10W) at 20 C for various periods of time (Step c in Scheme 1).After the reaction of the P-V or P-V-V nanospheres with gold(III) chloride solution, centrifugation was carried out. The supernatant was discarded and the nanospheres were redispersed in doubly distilled water and re-centrifuged for three cycles before being subjected to the following analyses. XPS analysis of the nanospheres after the various functionalization steps was made on an AXIS HSi spectrometer (Kratos Analytical Ltd.) using the monochromatized Al Ka X-ray source (1486.6 eV photons) [30]. UV-vis absorption spectroscopy was carried out using a Shimadzu UV-3101 PC scanning spectrometer, with doubly-distilled water as the reference. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) using a JEOL JSM-6700F FESEM was performed at an accelerating voltage of 5 or 15 kV. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was carried out on a JEOL 2010 TEM at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the nanocomposites was performed on a Shimadzu XRD-6000 spectrometer with Cu Ka monochromatic radiation source, at 40 kV and 30 mA. The scanning 2h range was from 10 to 80 with a scan rate of 3 min ±1 .Received The discovery of carbon nanotubes [1] has resulted in extensive investigations to understand the novel physical properties of one-dimensional (1D) nanoscale materials and their potential applications in constructing nanoscale electric and optoelectronic devices.[2] Recently, a new distinct family of onedimensional nanostructures, i.e., nanobelts or nanoribbons, has attracted considerable attention. This morphology, first synthesized by Wang et al., was found to be defect free and proposed as an ideal model for the examination of quantum transport and as building blocks for nanodevices.[3] Subsequently, typical binary oxide nanobelts such as ZnO, SnO 2 , Ga 2 O 3 , CdO, and MoO 3 have been successfully synthesized in several groups. [4] Owing to its special properties, such as high elastic modulus, thermal and chemical stability, high strength and toughness, and excellent dielectric properties, alumina has been regarded as a material of outstanding performance, especially under tension or bending conditions.[5] While recent efforts have been devoted to the synthesis of alumina nanostructures, [6]
SUMMARY The neuromodulator dopamine (DA) plays a key role in motor control, motivated behaviors, and higher-order cognitive processes. Dissecting how these DA neural networks tune the activity of local neural circuits to regulate behavior requires tools for manipulating small groups of DA neurons. To address this need, we assembled a genetic toolkit that allows for an exquisite level of control over the DA neural network in Drosophila. To further refine targeting of specific DA neurons, we also created reagents that allow for the conversion of any existing GAL4 line into Split GAL4 or GAL80 lines. We demonstrated how this toolkit can be used with recently developed computational methods to rapidly generate additional reagents for manipulating small subsets or individual DA neurons. Finally, we used the toolkit to reveal a dynamic interaction between a small subset of DA neurons and rearing conditions in a social space behavioral assay.
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