BACKGROUND: Stunting remains a nutritional problem in children in Indonesia and some other developing countries. It has become a public health problem that must be taken seriously and continuously. Although there was an improvement in 2018, the incidence of stunting in Indonesia is still quite high (36.4%), compared to other Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia (20%) and Thailand (10.5%). In the world, Indonesia occupies the 17th position of 117 countries for the stunting incidence. AIM: This study aims to describe the risk factors of stunting in children under five in developing countries. METHODS: This research is a scoping review. The sources were drawn from multiple databases such as Ebsco, PubMed, ProQuest, and Science Direct with the keyword “stunting” AND “risk factors” AND “developing countries.” Inclusion criteria include the research must be related to the risk factors of stunting, should be conducted in developing countries, should be full texted in English, and published in 2015–2019. RESULTS: The search of databases found 3605 articles, with the details of 10 articles from Ebsco, 45 articles from PubMed, 20 articles from ProQuest, and 3530 articles from Science Direct. According to all the databases, only 9 articles were reviewed that met the inclusion criteria of this study. CONCLUSION: Parent factors, toddler factors, and environmental factors are risk factors of stunting in children under five.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of diseases due to tobacco consumption has increased, especially in developing countries, where around 90% of smokers start consuming tobacco before the age of 18 years. School-based smoking prevention programs can prevent smoking among adolescents. This program is often implemented in developing countries because it is considered cost-effective, and the results are promising. At present, the school-based smoking prevention program is expanding with many methods. AIM: This study aims to describe the various types of school-based smoking prevention interventions in developing countries. METHODS: This research applied a literature review approach with the process of collecting data through the Science Direct, ProQuest, EBSCO, and NCBI databases. Search literature was by keyword “smoking AND prevention AND school-based AND adolescent AND randomized controlled trials or randomized controlled trials.” Inclusion criteria used for data collection were studies on school-based smoking prevention interventions, full text, and journal publishing from 2015 to 2019, using English. The research conducted in developing countries and prevention interventions was not only for smoking in the traditional way but also in the form of other than the consumption of tobacco such as cigars, smokeless tobacco, and hookah or shisha. Exclusion criteria in this review were publication articles not in the form of original publications such as letters to editors, only abstracts, and books. RESULTS: The literature search results found 594 journals with details of 99 Science direct journals, ProQuest 385 journals, NCBI 85 journals, and 25 EBSCO journals. The entire database belongs to the inclusion criteria and only seven articles meet the requirements. The results of the analysis revealed that interventions conducted in school-based smoking prevention programs for adolescents in developing countries included the application of the anti-smoking curriculum, behavior change intervention (BCI), and peer education. CONCLUSION: Interventions considered useful for preventing smoking in adolescents are the anti-smoking curriculum, BCI, and peer education.

AbstrakMalnutrisi akut berat merupakan malnutrisi yang paling serius yang memengaruhi balita dan merupakan masalah kesehatan utama di negaranegara berkembang. Malnutrisi telah meluas baik di perkotaan maupun perdesaan. Akar permasalahan malnutrisi di negara berkembang salahsatunya adalah faktor sosial demografi. Tujuan penelitian untuk melihat perbedaan kejadian malnutrisi dan determinannya di area perkotaan dan pedesaan di Yogyakarta. Penelitian menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan responden adalah semua balita malnutrisi akut berat di Kabupaten Sleman (23 balita) dan Kota Yogyakarta (33 balita). Analisis data menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan inferensial. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Bulan Desember 2012 -Februari 2013. Prevalensi balita malnutrisi akut lebih banyak di perkotaan daripada di pedesaan (59% vs. 41%). Persentase faktor risiko kejadian malnutrisi pada kelompok urban dan rural adalah jumlah balita dalam keluarga satu orang (60,7%), jenis kelamin laki-laki (58,9%), riwayat pemberian ASI tidak eksklusif (60,7%), usia ibu kurang dari 35 tahun (62,5%), pekerjaan non-PNS (98,2%), penghasilan orang tua lebih dari UMR (58,9%), tingkat pendidikan ayah dan ibu tinggi (71,4% dan 64,3% ) dan pengasuh balita di rumah adalah ibu (82,1%). Perbedaan yang signifikan (p<0,05) pada variabel pekerjaan dan penghasilan orang tua, tingkat pendidikan orang tua dan pengasuh balita, sedangkan hasil pengukuran antropometri tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan. Determinan kejadian malnutrisi pada kelompok urban dan rural adalah jumlah balita dalam keluarga.Kata kunci: Balita, karakteristik demografi, malnutrisi akut berat, rural, urban AbstractSevere acute malnutrition is the most serious form of malnutrition affecting children under-five and widely recognized as a major health problem in developing countries. It is wide spread in rural and urban areas. Social demographic factor is one of the main causes of severe acute malnutrition.This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of severe acute malnutrition and determinants of children in urban and rural area in Yogyakarta. A cross-sectional study was used in this study, where the respondents were all children with severe acute malnutrition in Sleman and Yogyakarta (23 and 33 children respectively). Descriptive and inferencial statistic were used to analyze the data. The study was carried out in December 2012-February 2013. The prevalence of severe acute malnutrition children was higher in urban than rural communities (59% vs. 41%). Risk factors percentage of malnourished were number of children in family was one person (60.7%), male gender (58.9%), the history of not exclusive breastfeeding (60.7%), mother age less than 35 years old (62.5%), lower class job (98.2%), monthly income was high (58.9%), higher education of father and mother (71.4% and 64.3% respectively), and children caregiver was mother (82.1%). There were a significant diference (p<0.05) in father profession, parents' education, household economic status, and caregiver of children, whereas anthropome...

ABSTRAKSalah satu bagian integral dari manajemen COPD adalah membersihkan jalan nafas untuk mengatasi gejala klinis seperti produksi sputum dan sesak napas yang menyebabkan penurunan VEP1, produksi sputum yang berlebihan, dan terganggunya mobilisasi toraks. Perawat dapat membantu pasien PPOK untuk memulihkan kondisi fisiknya dan memperbaiki pola nafasnya dengan memutus mata rantai keluhan yang ada dengan Active Cycle of Breathing Technique (ACBT). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh ACBT terhadap peningkatan nilai VEP 1 , pengurangan jumlah volume sputum, dan peningkatan mobilisasi sangkar toraks pada penderita PPOK. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Quasi Experiment dengan rancangan pre-post test with control group design. Sebanyak 30 orang pasien dibagi kedalam 2 kelompok yaitu 15 responden untuk kelompok intervensi dan 15 responden untuk kelompok kontrol dengan menggunakan teknik quota sampling. Analisis yang digunakan adalah uji t-test. Kelompok intervensi diberikan terapi ACBT dan farmakologi dan kelompok kontrol hanya diberikan terapi farmakologi. ACBT memberikan pengaruh yang bermakna terhadap jumlah sputum dan ekspansi toraks pada kelompok intervensi daripada kelompok kontrol dengan nilai p = 0,026 untuk jumlah sputum dan p = 0,004 untuk ekspansi toraks, sedangkan pada nilai VEP 1 , ACBT tidak memberikan pengaruh yang bermakna dengan nilai p = 0,058. Active Cycle of Breathing Technique (ACBT) efektif dalam membantu pengeluaran sputum dan meningkatkan ekspansi toraks pasien PPOK, tetapi kurang efektif dalam meningkatkan nilai VEP 1 .Kata Kunci: Active Cycle of Breathing Technique (ACBT), Penyakit Paru

The case of stunting in Indonesia was higher and still becomes an important issue in poor rural areas. Research objective is to examine the prevalence rate and associated factors with stunting in children aged 6-59 months in rural areas of Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This study applied a case-control design. The cases group were stunted children and the control group was not stunted children from October to December 2018. The data was collected by interviewing selected mothers of 6-59 months children and measuring the length/height of 23 children as a case group and 91 children as a control group. Research location used two rural areas in Bantul Yogyakarta. This study used logistic regression analysis to identify the best model of factors leading to stunting in rural areas. Analysis to measure of association used 95% CIs and "Adjusted" ORs. The prevalence of stunting was 20.8% out of which 52.2% were mild, 4.3% were moderate and 43.5% were severe. The mean of children age in the case and control group were 31.78 16.8 and 29.92 15.96 months with the mean of height for age Z score were-3.23 1.03 and-0.14 1.22 respectively. Diarrhea was found significantly as the determinant factor of stunted children in rural areas (AOR=7.79, 95% CI 2.59-23.33, p = 0.001). The results showed diarrhea as determinants factor of stunting in children under five in rural areas, it is important to assist the Indonesian government to develop a program to address the problem of stunting associated with the environment