Abstract:Background: Literature study shows, there are several variations regarding BCCAO duration and duration of reperfusion after BCCAO that can cause cerebral ischemia. Duration of BCCAO techniques varies between 10 to 30 minutes, while the duration of reperfusion period ranging between 45 minutes to 72 hours. Differences in the duration of occlusion, duration of BCCAO reperfusion and the sex of animal model could lead to different responses to ischemia conditions. Objective. This study aims to determine whether the duration BCCAO and sex of the animal models influences the volume of cerebral ischemia after 24 hours reperfusion. Method: This study uses post-test only study group design. The subjects are 20 female and 20 male Wistar rat that being divided into 8 groups which are male rat with occlusion duration of 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 20 minute, also the female rat with occlusion duration of 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes respectively. BCCAO occlusion then followed by 24 hour reperfusion. Rat decapitation and brain extraction are done after reperfusion. Brain tissue sliced into 2 mm size and stained with 0.05% TTC solution for 30 minutes. Ischemic brain volume are being observed using Cavalieri method. Statistical data are being analyzed using One Way Anova. Result: There are significant difference in male rat cerebral ischemia volume between 5 minutes and 10 minutes occlusion (p<0.006). Meanwhile, there are no significant difference at cerebral ischemia volume between 10 and 20 minutes occlusion group (p=0.377). There are significant differences in the volume of brain ischemia between the 5, 10 and 20 minutes ischemia group (p<0.05). Post-hoc test showed no significant differences between the male and female rat (p>0.05). Conclusion: Duration of the bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 5 and 10 minutes affect the volume of cerebral ischemia in male rat after 24 hour reperfusion. The occlusion of bilateral common carotid artery for 5,10 and 20 minutes also affect the volume of cerebral ischemia in female rat after 24 hour reperfusion. No significant differences of cerebral ischemia volume between the sexes after 5, 10 and 20 minutes occlusion.

Keyword:immune system physical activity exercise Review Article JKKI 2015;7(2): 52Every systems in human body correlate to maintain homeostasis. One of those systems which contribute to maintain homeostasis is the immune system. The immune system defends physiological functions against foreign substances and cancer cells through a complex and multilayered mechanism. The ability to defend against foreign substances and abnormal cells is done by two types of immune system, which are Innate immune system and adaptive/acquired immune system. There are also certain factors that affect the immune system, for instance physiological factor, nutrition, psychological factor, environental factor, and exercise or physical activities. Regular exercises and physical activities with moderate intensity will boost the immune system. Sedentary lifestyle and minimal physical activity will increase the risk of infectious diseases. While exercises and physical activity with high intensity will suppress the immune system hence increase the risk of infection. Sistem

Background<br />Chronic and degenerative diseases are closely related to modern lifestyles that tend to be deficient in physical activity but excessive in food intake. One method used to overcome this problem is dietary restriction through intermittent fasting. Intermittent fasting decreases the risk of chronic and degenerative diseases, e.g. by lowering oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can be determined from the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and lipid profile in the blood. The present study aimed to determine the effect of intermittent fasting on plasma MDA levels and lipid profile of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus).<br /><br />Methods<br />This research was a laboratory experimental research using a post test control group design. Twenty four male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly assigned to 4 groups, ie control group (C), fasting group (F), non-fasting obese group (NFO), and fasting obese group (FO). Fasting treatment given in this research was intermittent fasting, comprising one day of fasting for 12 hours alternating with one day of normal feed ad libitum in the span of 8 weeks. After completion of treatment, blood was taken transcardially for examination of MDA levels and lipid profiles using spectrophotometry.<br /><br />Results<br />There were significant between-group differences in MDA levels and lipid profiles (p&lt;0.05 for all parameters). Groups treated with intermittent fasting had lower levels of MDA, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and ow-density lipoprotein (LDL) than those without intermittent fasting. The high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were higher in the intermittent fasting group than the other groups.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />Intermittent fasting has an effect on the oxidative stress parameters of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Monosodium glutamate-induced exitotoxicity causes oxidative stress in many brain areas, including the medial prefrontal cortex. The ethanolic garlic (Allium sativum) extract is considered as a neuroprotective substance. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of the ethanolic fermented garlic extract on the working memory and the pyramidal cell number of the medial prefrontal cortex of adolescent male Wistar rats exposed to monosodium glutamate (MSG). Twenty-five rats were randomly divided into five groups. The C- group was given 0.9% NaCl solution. The C + group was given 2 mg/g bw of MSG. The T1, T2, and T3 groups were given MSG and garlic extract (0.0125, 0.025, and 0.05 mg/g bw, respectively). All treatments were conducted for 10 days. The working memory capability of the rats was measured using Y-maze test. The total number of pyramidal cells of the medial prefrontal cortex was estimated using physical fractionator method. The working memory performances of the T1, T2, and T3 groups were significantly better than that of the C + group. There were no significant differences between groups in the estimated total number of pyramidal cell of medial prefrontal cortex. The MSG may not cause the death of neurons, but it may modify neuronal architectures that are sufficient to disrupt memory functions. Black garlic may play a role as an antioxidant agent that prevents the prefrontal cortex from glutamate-induced oxidative stress. It is concluded that the ethanolic fermented garlic extract prevented the working memory impairment following MSG administration.