The lithium-ion battery is a vital powertrain component in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The fuel reduction potential and cost-effectiveness of these vehicles depend on the sizing of the powertrain components as well as on their utilization, which is defined by the energy management system (EMS). The battery is affected by power and capacity reduction over the lifetime of the vehicle, which needs to be considered during the design process to ensure the performance goals throughout the vehicle lifetime. Current literature regarding battery aging usually contains experimental results, which are not transformed into a useful aging model for system simulations. Consequently, battery aging is often neglected, which is why this paper intends to help researchers understand the degradation process of batteries in PHEVs and consider this in their simulation and dimensioning process. First, PHEV powertrain topologies and components are presented. Afterward, battery degradation mechanisms and recent findings are explained, followed by appropriate modeling approaches for different simulation targets. Finally, current aging-aware EMS literature is systematically reviewed and the integration of the aging models is analyzed, so researchers in system simulation areas can improve their powertrain models.

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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are commonly operated with high-voltage (HV) components due to their higher power availability compared to 48 V-systems. On the contrary, HV-powertrain components are more expensive and require additional safety measures. Additionally, the HV system can only be repaired and maintained with special equipment and protective gear, which is not available in all workshops. PHEVs based on a 48 V-system level can offer a reasonable compromise between the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission-saving potential and cost-effectiveness in small- and medium-sized electrified vehicles. In our study, the lifecycle emissions of the proposed 48 V PHEV system were compared to a conventional vehicle, 48 V HEV, and HV PHEV for individual driving use cases. To ensure a holistic evaluation, the analysis was based on measured real-driving cycles including Global Position System (GPS) map-matched slope profiles for a parallel hybrid. Optimal PHEV battery capacities were derived for the individual driving use cases. The analysis was based on lifecycle emissions for 2020 and 2030 in Europe. The impact analysis revealed that 48 V PHEVs can significantly reduce GHG emissions compared to vehicles with no charging opportunity for all use cases. Furthermore, the findings were verified for two vehicle segments and two energy mix scenarios. The 48 V PHEVs can therefore complement existing powertrain portfolios and contribute to reaching future GHG emission targets.