As a prelude to undertaking the total syntheses of the complex manzamine alkaloids, a series of model studies were conducted to establish the scope and limitations of intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloadditions of N-acylated vinylogous ureas with the trienic substrates 17a,b, 28a,b, and 34. These experiments clearly demonstrated that the geometry of the internal double bond and the presence of an electron-withdrawing group on the diene moiety were essential for the facile and stereoselective formation of the desired cycloadducts. The enantioselective syntheses of the manzamine alkaloids ircinol A (75), ircinal A (5), and manzamine A (1) were then completed by employing a convergent strategy that featured a novel domino Stille/Diels-Alder reaction to construct the tricyclic ABC ring core embodied in these alkaloids. Thus, the readily accessible chiral dihydropyrrole 58 was first converted in a single chemical operation into the key tricyclic intermediate 60. Two ring-closing metathesis reactions were then used to form the 13- and 8-membered rings leading to Z-72 and 74, the latter of which was quickly elaborated into ircinal A (5) via ircinol A (75). The synthetic 5 thus obtained was converted into manzamine A (1) following literature precedent. This concise synthesis of ircinal A required a total of 24 operations from commercially available starting materials with the longest linear sequence being 21 steps.

We have developed two parallel series, A and B, of CX3CR1 antagonists for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. By modifying the substituents on the 7-amino-5-thio-thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine core structure, we were able to achieve compounds with high selectivity for CX3CR1 over the closely related CXCR2 receptor. The structure-activity relationships showed that a leucinol moiety attached to the core-structure in the 7-position together with α-methyl branched benzyl derivatives in the 5-position displayed promising affinity, and selectivity as well as physicochemical properties, as exemplified by compounds 18a and 24h. We show the preparation of the first potent and selective orally available CX3CR1 antagonists.

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We have investigated practical and computationally efficient methods for the quantitative prediction of regioisomer distribution in kinetically controlled nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. One of the methods is based on calculating the relative stabilities of the isomeric σ-complex intermediates using DFT. We show that predictions from this method can be used quantitatively both for anionic nucleophiles with F(-) as leaving group, as well as for neutral nucleophiles with HF as leaving group. The σ-complex approach failed when the leaving group was Cl/HCl or Br/HBr, both for anionic and neutral nucleophiles, because of difficulties in finding relevant σ-complex structures. An approach where we assumed a concerted substitution step and used such transition state structures gave quantitatively useful results. Our results are consistent with other theoretical works, where a stable σ-complex has been identified in some cases, whereas others have been indicated to proceed via a concerted substitution step.

We have investigated the scope and limitations of a method for predicting the regioisomer distribution in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions that are under kinetic control. This method is based on calculation of the relative stabilities of the sigma-complex intermediates using density functional theory. Predictions from this method can be used quantitatively for halogenations; it agreed to an accuracy of about 1 kcal/mol with experimental observations in 10 of the 11 investigated halogenation reactions. For nitrations, the method gave useful predictions for heterocyclic substrates. The method failed for nitration of monosubstituted benzenes, and we expect that more elaborate model systems, including explicit solvent molecules, will be necessary to obtain quantitatively useful predictions for such cases. For Lewis acid promoted Friedel-Crafts acylations, the method can be expected to give qualitatively correct predictions, that is, to point out the dominating isomer. For substrates where the regioisomeric outcome is highly dependent on the reaction conditions, the method can only be of qualitative use if the concentration of the free Lewis acid is high during the reaction. We have also compared the predictive capacity of the method to that of a modern reactivity index, the average local ionization energy, I(r). The latter method is found to predict the regisolectivity in halogenations and nitrations qualitatively correctly if the positions for the I(r) minima (I(S,min)) are not too sterically hindered but fails for qualitative predictions of F-C reactions. The downscaled I(S,min) values also perform well for the quantitative prediction of regioisomer distributions of halogenations. The accuracy is slightly lower than that for the new method.