ZusammenfassungDer Zusammenhang zwischen Rankings und Konkurrenz wird häufig unterstellt, aber selten genauer untersucht. Der vorliegende Aufsatz geht ihm am Beispiel globaler Universitätsrankings nach. Ausgehend von einem soziologischen Verständnis von Konkurrenz bestimmen wir „Ranken“ als eine soziale Operation, die vier Teiloperationen miteinander kombiniert: Vergleich von Leistungen, Quantifizierung, Visualisierung, und wiederholte Publikation. Visualisierung und Publikation stehen für die in der Literatur bisher kaum berücksichtigte performative Dimension von Rankings, die für die Analyse des Zusammenhangs zwischen Rankings und Konkurrenz von zentraler Bedeutung ist. Auf dieser Grundlage zeigen wir, wie globale Universitätsrankings zur Konstruktion von Konkurrenz beitragen: durch (a) Globalisierung eines spezifischen Exzellenzdiskurses; (b) Verknappung von Reputation; (c) Transformation einer stabilen in eine dynamische Statusordnung. Wir schließen mit einer Diskussion von Implikationen dieser Analyse für die soziologische Erforschung von Konkurrenz und ihrer gesellschaftlichen Effekte.
Zusammenfassung: der Aufsatz geht von der Prämisse aus, dass globalisierung ein unwahrscheinliches Phänomen ist und fragt, unter welchen historischen Konstellationen diese unwahrscheinlichkeitsschwelle dennoch überwunden werden konnte. der erklärungsgegenstand ist nicht faktische globalisierung im Sinne einer räumlich verstandenen weltweiten Ausdehnung, sondern die Formation potenziell globaler Vergleichszusammenhänge. Wir beantworten diese Frage am beispiel von (natur-)Wissenschaft und Sport. dazu stellen wir in Abschn. 2 ein allgemeines erklärungsmodell vor, das sich auf die entstehungsbedingungen von globalisierungsdynamiken bezieht. Ausgehend von der unterscheidung zwischen einer Vernetzungs- und einer beschreibungsdimension von globalisierung rückt dieses Modell die bedeutung öffentlicher Vergleichsdiskurse in den Vordergrund. In Abschn. 3 wenden wir das erklärungsmodell auf die beiden Fallbeispiele an und zeigen, dass und weshalb der Schwerpunkt der entstehung potenziell globaler Vergleichszusammenhänge in beiden Feldern im späten 19. Jahrhundert lag. In Abschn. 4 formulieren wir einige Vermutungen darüber, inwieweit sich das Modell auch auf andere Felder übertragen lässt und welches licht es auf faktische globale expansionsprozesse wirft.Schlüsselwörter: globalisierungs- und Weltgesellschaftstheorie · netzwerkforschung · Soziologie des Vergleichs · Quantifizierung · Wissenschafts-und Sportsoziologie Abstract: The article conceives of globalization as a highly improbable phenomenon. In contrast to the mainstream of the globalization literature, we ask under which conditions the globalization of societal fields can potentially become an empirical reality. We proceed in three steps: The second part presents an explanatory model that identifies the conditions under which global horizons of comparison may emerge. Our model is predicated on the assumption that the globalization of societal fields is enabled not only by relational linkages ("ties") but by public comparative
Competition is among the few social-scientific concepts clearly associated with the transparency discourse—obvious today when a myriad of public “ratings” and “rankings” evaluate states, universities, and other actors while often claiming to advance the transparency of those actors and their performances. This article deals with this association from a historical-sociological perspective. It argues that public rankings and similar discursive devices not only symbolize competition but also create and reproduce it, creating what is called here, “artificial zero-sum games.” On this basis, it also makes the case that a more sophisticated conceptualization of public forms of competition draws attention to a long-term historical trend, the beginnings of which can be traced to the 19th century. The argument is presented in two steps: In the first part, a sociological model of public forms of competition is proposed that combines classical sociologist Georg Simmel’s concept of “indirect” and “pure” competition (= competition as a struggle for the favor of a third party) with insights from communication theory, market sociology, media, and globalization research. This model implies that public communication processes create competition by imagining an anonymous audience that enables this kind of competition through its very indefiniteness and anonymity. Thus “publicity” or “publicness,” rather than “transparency,” seem to be the more adequate terms to conceptualize these forms of competition. The second part discusses historical-sociological implications of this model, analyzing competition between nation-states (and national collective identities) in the light of recent globalization research, claiming and describing three trends—toward competition for modernity prestige, specific cultural achievement prestige, and attention/legitimacy —since the late-19th century.
When explaining the ubiquity of rankings, researchers tend to emphasize macro or contextual phenomena, such as the power of or the trust in numbers, neoliberal forces, or a general spirit of competition. Meanwhile, the properties of rankers are rarely, if at all, taken into account. In contrast to the received wisdom, we argue that the institutionalization of rankings in different fields is also contingent upon another, often-neglected factor: Over time, rankers have become increasingly more organized. To investigate the role of ranking organizations, we look into the distinct properties of present-day rankings and highlight three dimensions along which rankings have evolved over the course of the twentieth century, namely, publication frequency, handling complex tasks, and audience engagement. On this basis, we argue that these dimensions have to a large extent been affected by formal organization and we show how ranking organizations have over time developed capacities to: (a) publish rankings on a continual basis; (b) handle the often complex production process by means of division of labor; and (c) generate considerable degrees of attention by addressing large and diverse audiences. On a more general note, we argue that accounting for the role of organization in the instutionalization of rankings requires a combination of insights from both “old” and “new” strands of thinking in institutional theory.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.