The US Navy is currently implementing "optimal manning" approaches to the design of future warships. Simply put, this emphasis takes the form of designing and deploying ships whose blend of human and mechanical/computer-based systems reduces the need for traditionally large crews while improving overall system performance and safety. Reflecting this emphasis, a Future Surface Combatant program currently in the design stage is the first Navy procurement in which the principles of user-centered design (UCD) and human-systems integration (HSI) are key design drivers. The integration of UCD and HSI methods has never been attempted in a design effort of this magnitude, and has inevitably led to illuminating insights on the part of human factors, system engineering, and other disciplines engaged in the effort. This paper provides an overview of "lessons learned," and is intended to assist the future integration of UCD and HSI principles into the design of similarly complex systems.

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ON 1 JULY 1795, John Jay took the oath of office in New York City as governor of the state. Recently returned from a diplomatic mission to Great Britain, Jay had just resigned as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court to assume his new post. By a fateful coincidence, 1 July was also the day that the fruit of Jay's negotiation, a Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Great Britain, was first made public. The treaty was negotiated to address a wide range of unresolved issues between the two nations: the British occupation of western forts in the United States, the harassment of American shipping and the impressment of American sailors into the British navy, the repayment of prerevolutionary war debts to British merchants, and a host of other trade and economic matters. If Jay had hoped to bask in the triumph of his inauguration and his return home, however, the publication of his treaty soon squelched any hope of that. In the days and weeks that followed, furious protests against the treaty exploded across the country. Jay was burned in effigy; copies of his treaty suffered the same fate.The protests signaled the deep divisions already emerging between the nascent Federalist and Republican parties and between the pro-British and pro-French sympathizers in the United States. While these parties were only beginning to emerge and solidify by the mid-1790s, the lines of division between them *Todd Estes is an associate professor of history at Oakland University.