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This paper provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art digital twin and digital thread technology in industrial operations. Both are transformational technologies that have the advantage of improving the efficiency of current design and manufacturing. Digital twin is an important element of the Industry 4.0 digitalization process; however, the huge amount of data that are generated and collected by a digital twin offer challenges in handling, processing and storage. The paper aims to report on the development of a new framework that combines the digital twin and digital thread for better data management in order to drive innovation, improve the production process and performance and ensure continuity and traceability of information. The digital twin/thread framework incorporates behavior simulation and physical control components, in which these two components rely on the connectivity between the twin and thread for information flow and exchange to drive innovation. The twin/thread framework encompasses specifications that include organizational architecture layout, security, user access, databases and hardware and software requirements. It is envisaged that the framework will be applicable to enhancing the optimization of operational processes and traceability of information in the physical world, especially in an Industry Shipyard 4.0.

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A thorough study of MSnO 3 (M=Ca, Sr and Ba) compounds with respect to their synthesis, processing and microstructural characterization has been made. In order to establish a standard methodology with identical and bene®cial microstructure and reproducible electrical characteristics, a novel preparative method called self-heat-sustained (SHS) reaction technique was employed. Evolution of microstructure which is intimately related to the envisaged properties in the ceramics, was closely and systematically followed in terms of wide temperature-soak time (T-t) pro®les. The results showed that while a well-densi®ed microstructure with small grain size ($1 mm) and near zero porosity could be obtained by selecting a sintering schedule of 1350 C/x h (48 h < x 4 60 h) for CaSnO 3 samples, very well sintered samples with relatively larger grains (3±5 mm) and minimal porosity could also be obtained by sintering at 1600 C for 2 h. Well-densi®ed microstructure with small grain size and zero or near zero porosity could be obtained by a sintering schedule of 1350 C/x h (12 h < x 4 24 h) in SrSnO 3 samples. Sintering of BaSnO 3 proved to be the most dicult. The BaSnO 3 samples could only be densi®ed to the desired level by soaking the powder compacts for 2 h at 1600 C. The``sugar cube'' features were replaced by the spherical grains (average size 1±2 mm). #