systemic glucose levels by increasing glucose utilization by the skeleton. This simple yet unexpected concept brings a potential new angle to the sophisticated integration of the skeleton in global nutrient homeostasis, and may have broad clinical impact with regard to bone and metabolic disorders, as well as in cancer pathology and therapy.

Background and Aims There is evidence for a disturbed intestinal barrier function in inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Because mucins represent the major components of the mucus barrier and disturbed mucin expression is reported in the colon of IBD patients, we studied the association between mucin expression, inflammation and intestinal permeability in experimental colitis. Methods We quantified 4-kDa FITC-dextran intestinal permeability and the expression of cytokines, mucins, junctional and polarity proteins at dedicated time points in the adoptive T cell transfer and dextran sodium sulfate [DSS]-induced colitis models. Mucin expression was also validated in biopsies from IBD patients. Results In both animal models, the course of colitis was associated with increased interleukin-1β [IL-1β] and tumour necrosis factor-α [TNF-α] expression and increased Muc1 and Muc13 expression. In the T cell transfer model, a gradually increasing Muc1 expression coincided with gradually increasing 4-kDa FITC-dextran intestinal permeability and correlated with enhanced IL-1β expression. In the DSS model, Muc13 expression coincided with rapidly increased 4-kDa FITC-dextran intestinal permeability and correlated with TNF-α and Muc1 overexpression. Moreover, a significant association was observed between Muc1, Cldn1, Ocln, Par3 and aPKCζ expression in the T cell transfer model and between Muc13, Cldn1, Jam2, Tjp2, aPkcζ, Crb3 and Scrib expression in the DSS model. Additionally, MUC1 and MUC13 expression was upregulated in inflamed mucosa of IBD patients. Conclusions Aberrantly expressed MUC1 and MUC13 might be involved in intestinal barrier dysfunction upon inflammation by affecting junctional and cell polarity proteins, indicating their potential as therapeutic targets in IBD.

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BACKGROUND. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces mucin overexpression further promoting disease. As mucins are critical components of the innate immunity, unravelling their expression profiles that dictate the course of disease could greatly enhance our understanding and management of COVID-19. METHODS.Using validated RT-PCR assays, we assessed mucin mRNA expression in the blood of symptomatic COVID-19 patients compared to symptomatic non-COVID-19 patients and healthy controls and correlated the data to clinical outcome parameters. Additionally, we analyzed mucin expression in mucus and lung tissue from COVID-19 patients and investigated the effect of drugs for COVID-19 treatment on SARS-CoV-2-induced mucin expression in pulmonary epithelial cells. RESULTS.We identified a dynamic blood mucin mRNA signature that clearly segregates symptomatic COVID-19 from non-COVID-19 patients based on expression of MUC1, MUC2, MUC4, MUC6, MUC13, MUC16 and MUC20 (AUCROC of 91.8 %; sensitivity and specificity of respectively 90.6% and 93.3%); and that discriminates between mild and critical COVID-19 based on the expression of MUC16, MUC20 and MUC21 (AUCROC of 89.1 %; sensitivity and specificity of respectively 90.0% and 85.7%). Differences in the transcriptional landscape of mucins in critical cases compared to mild cases even identify associations with COVID-19 symptoms, respiratory support, organ failure, secondary infections and mortality. Furthermore, we identified different mucins in mucus and lung tissue of critically ill COVID-19 patients and showed the ability of baricitinib, tocilizumab, favipiravir and remdesivir to suppress expression of the SARS-CoV-2-induced mucins. CONCLUSION.This multifaceted blood mucin mRNA signature shows the potential role of mucin profiling in diagnosing, estimating severity and guiding treatment options in COVID-19 patients.

Background Intestinal mucosal healing is nowadays preferred as the therapeutic endpoint in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but objective measurements at the molecular level are lacking. Because dysregulated mucin expression is suggested to be involved in mucosal barrier dysfunction in IBD, we investigated mucin expression in association with barrier mediators and clinical characteristics in colonic tissue of a pediatric IBD population. Methods In this cross-sectional monocentric study, we quantified messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of mucins, intercellular junctions, and cell polarity complexes in inflamed and noninflamed colonic biopsies from pediatric IBD (n = 29) and non-IBD (n = 15) patients. We then validated mucin expression at protein level and correlated mucin mRNA expression with expression of barrier mediators and clinical data. Results The expression of MUC1, MUC3A, MUC4, and MUC13 was increased in the inflamed colon of pediatric IBD patients compared with the noninflamed colon of non-IBD control subjects. Especially MUC13 mRNA expression associated with the expression of barrier mediators, including CDH1, OCLN, and TJP2. MUC1 and MUC3B mRNA expression in combination with calprotectin levels most accurately discriminated IBD patients from non-IBD control subjects (90.6% area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve [AUCROC], 92.0% sensitivity, 73.7% specificity), whereas aberrant mRNA expression of MUC1, MUC3A, MUC4, and MUC13 was distinctive for ulcerative colitis and of MUC3B for Crohn’s disease. Furthermore, expression of MUC3A, MUC3B, and MUC4 correlated with clinical disease activity (ie, Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index and Pediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index), and of MUC1, MUC2, MUC4, and MUC13 with endoscopic colitis severity in ulcerative colitis patients. Conclusions Colonic mucin expression is disturbed in pediatric IBD patients and associates with disease activity and presentation, suggesting its use as molecular marker to aid in disease diagnosis and management.