Static energy meters can be forced to give misreadings due to conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI). In previous research cases lower and higher readings of static energy meters were observed. In this paper an overview of previously reported lab experiments is given and further analyzed. The various situations are showing errors in the energy readings with respect to a reference meter. Based on these findings measurements are done using a dimmer in combination with a series of compact fluorescent lightning (CFL) and light emitting diode (LED) lamps. This setup was powered using a non-distorted mains power supply created by a four-quadrant amplifier combined with a line impedance stabilization network (LISN) to create a stable line impedance. The setup creates a pulsed current waveform with a short rise time. By using various line inductances the slope of the pulse is lowered and a correlation between the inclination of the slope and the deviations of the static meters is shown.

This article presents a time-domain waveform model developed to characterize pulsed, nonlinear, current waveforms resulting in electromagnetic interference on static energy meters. The waveform model is calculated by fitting the sampled waveform data into a linear piece-wise function through a process that involves applying algorithms of pulse extraction, change-point detection, and redundancy elimination. The model is applied to data from laboratory experiments that have indicated critical current waveforms resulting in electromagnetic interference problems with static meters. Afterwards, the parameters of the modeled waveforms are calculated in order to correlate them to metering errors. The most relevant parameters that are correlated to significant errors are the maximum slope, crest factor, pulse duration, and charge. The waveform model provides an accurate description of the complex nonlinear waveforms through simplified analytical expressions that reproduce the significant features of the interfering waveforms. This waveform modeling approach could be used to standardize the artificial test signals that are representative of realistic devices and scenarios.

Safely measuring high power conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) is an issue to be addressed, where a possible measurement strategy is being discussed in this paper which uses the benefits of multi-channel synchronous timedomain electromagnetic interference (TDEMI) measurements. Only the differential mode (DM) voltage has been evaluated in this paper, however the setup is not limited in this respect. Common mode (CM) voltage can also be synchronously analyzed with this setup. Nevertheless, with respect to the to be measured amplitudes, DM voltages in this particular system offer a larger challenge and are addressed. The setup was developed with respect to Low-Frequency conducted EMI measurements in high power, fast switching systems using a low-cost solution.

Readings of static energy meters can be affected by conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI). Previous research reported many cases where lower and higher readings of static energy meters were observed. In this paper experiments with a water pump, controlled by speed regulators, resulted in huge errors in energy readings of static meters with respect to a reference meter. The speed regulators are intended to be used in conjunction with such water pumps. The tests were performed using a non-distorted mains power supply created by a fourquadrant amplifier with an internal impedance in accordance with the standards. The deviations observed are between-91% and +175% compared to the reference meter. The current waveforms attributed to these large deviations show large spikes with rise times of a few microseconds.

For assessing the underlying problem behind the static meter misreadings, a measurement technique must be developed for characterizing the currents that static meters are usually exposed to. In previous studies it was shown that misreadings of the static meters occur when impulsive currents are drawn from the net, even with standalone commercial off the shelf equipment. Time domain electromagnetic interference (EMI) measurements create a novel opportunity for analyzing these noisy waveforms and identifying their fundamental parameters. The next step is extending this measurement approach to on-site scenarios in which these kind of waveforms coexist in superposition with other components that are properly measured by the static meter when they occur alone. This especially holds for up and coming technologies like electric vehicle (EV) charging stations. The characterization is intended in the future for describing realistic waveforms that can be used as new standardized type-testing signals, which will be employed to produce novel standards. Time Domain Electromagnetic Interference Measurement and Post-processing System (TEMPS) software is used in conjunction with a low cost baseband digitizer to measure the waveforms of EV chargers on four different lines, that is the three phases (L1, L2, and L3) and the neutral line (N) simultaneously. To distinguish the impulsive nature of the waveforms a statistical approach is performed in the form of an amplitude probability distribution (APD) diagram. Furthermore the multichannel capability of the low cost digitizer is utilized to achieve a frequency range extension by using two probes simultaneously with different frequency ranges.