Global gas demand continues to rise at a rate of over 2% per year. Most forecasts indicate no shortage of available gas supplies on a global basis; however, challenges exist in matching the available gas in one region to demand in another. This mismatch is driving increased demand for LNG as a method to transport available gas supplies over significant distances. Several LNG liquefaction facilities are due to come online by 2012 to satisfy current needs, but no new facilities have been committed since the beginning of 2006 to address needs after 2013. Rising facility costs coupled with uncertainty in the delivery of projects have caused owners to re-evaluate the attractiveness of proposed projects.During the 1980s and 1990s, the oil and gas industry suffered a major downturn and no major projects were initiated to replace older equipment and technology. During this time, there was a drop of new graduates coming into the engineering and construction arenas while simultaneously there were many experienced individuals retiring -shrinking the total resources. The early 2000s saw capital expenditure projects to revamp existing plants to meet environmental regulations, but these projects did nothing to help increase production capacity for the growing demand for oil and gas.Starting in the 4 th quarter of 2005, all facets of the energy industry began scrambling to meet the world's needs. The numerous, large, global projects in upstream, downstream and chemical markets have put massive strains on resources, escalating the costs for the facilities, as well as increasing the competition for internal funding for other projects.Contractors report record backlogs and shortages of qualified technical project resources, both in home office environments and among construction field labor. Material and equipment suppliers are operating at near capacity and face a scarcity of skilled labor. Highly qualified construction labor is in short supply on a global basis. Hostcountry requirements, the need to source engineered equipment globally and earlier in project schedules, complex partnerships, and environmental constraints place ever-increasing economic and political pressures on projects.In today's global market, the challenges of engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) of LNG liquefaction facilities consist of the contractor industry's design and management resource capabilities, the supply industry's availability of material, and the construction workforce's craft constraints. This paper reviews these issues in light of the demand for LNG globally. It offers new strategies to meet the industry's demand in an economic and timely fashion.

The increased interest and rapid development in the transportation of LNG world-wide has prompted a fresh look at how LNG is transferred to/from an LNG carrier that may be moored offshore in various locations. The traditional shoreside loading/unloading of LNG to/from marine carriers may be prohibited due to proximity to populated areas, safety and/or environmental concerns. Also, the extension of an offshore jetty structure to support the transfer pipelines with related seabed dredging to facilitate vessel access, may be prohibitively costly. This presentation discusses how new developments in high-strength Nickel alloy cryogenic pipelines and high-efficiency insulation systems have significantly improved the prospects for the installation of the first subsea cryogenic pipeline for LNG service. Subsea cryogenic pipelines designs to date focus on the use of vacuum systems for insulation and Invar pipe materials to control growth and differential stress in the pipeline systems. This approach, while successful, has also resulted in high cost systems and welding issues. A new design approach using ambient pressure, high efficiency insulation and high strength Nickel alloys reduces the cost of the system and improves constructability. The design and installation techniques are based on proven systems used in operating high temperature pipelines. This paper addresses the design, fabrication and installation of subsea cryogenic pipelines as well as possibilities for inspection, maintenance and real time monitoring of the installed system. The designs to be reviewed focus on the use of new developments in high-strength Nickel alloy cryogenic pipelines and high-efficiency insulation systems. The presentation also discusses the test program employed to certify a Fluor developed ambient pressure subsea LNG pipeline for commercial use. Introduction Terminals are required for both the loading and offloading of LNG into tankers. For locations with sufficient deep water access terminals may consist of jetty structures and breakwaters where tankers can be moored and offloading can take place via standard loading arms. Several LNG facilities have the jetty terminal connected to an onshore facility by a short trestle structure, which supports the LNG and utility piping, and may in some cases support vehicular access to the loading terminal. Location of the jetty terminal is dependant upon not only the requirements for the LNG tanker maneuvering and positioning with respect to water depths, currents and ship traffic, but also with prevailing winds which may influence the location from a safety view point. In the design of the jetty terminal and trestle structure, a major consideration is the final location and layout to satisfy safety considerations from vapor plumes that may result from leaks or damage to the LNG piping on the jetty and along the trestle structure. [1] Special precautions must also be taken in the design of jetty piping for protection against damage that may result in leaks. This may include additional structural protection and block valves that isolate segments of the piping. In the U.S. handling requirements for LNG on jetty structures require full containment to be designed into the structure to contain a leak or spillage.

=RC3/DESCRIPTION: The probe is a 5 kb bcoRl fragment subcloned into p5325. The fragment was isolated from a huan chromome 5 specific geomic llbrary in lambda DBIL-4, prepared from a Chinese hauster x human hybrid with chromosome 5 as the only human chromoome (Ref. 1). POYNOtRINIIS TaqI detects a simple two-allele polymorphism with bands at either 12.5 kb (allele 1) or 5.0 kb (allele 2). There are no invarlaat bands.

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