Purpose New philanthropy develops new forms of policy “problem-solving” through the influx of private actors’ money and ideas. It adopts singular configurations across different policy spaces, with implications for education governance. We address this phenomenon by analyzing the Varkey Foundation's (VF) “landing” and “expansion” in Latin America. VF is a global philanthropic organization registered in the United Kingdom in 2011 with a main hub in Argentina, where it landed in 2017. Design/Approach/Methods We use network ethnography to examine the influence of new philanthropy on education governance as this phenomenon demands new methods to grasp the “realities” of governing beyond conventional ways and understanding policy mobilities. Findings Results indicate how VF “landed” in a little pro-market space via productive uses of policy networks. The second phase of data collection and analysis presents further consolidation of VF in Argentina, its expansion into Latin America, and its establishment as a legitimate education policy actor. Originality/Value This study provides new evidence and insights into how policy networks enable new philanthropy to land and consolidate within national boundaries and, later, across the region as a legitimate actor in education.
Desde 2010, Inglaterra implementa una nueva reforma educativa bajo los principios del cuasi-mercado combinados con políticas de autonomía escolar y la rendición de cuentas. La reforma de las ‘Academies’ y ‘Free Schools’ produjo la transferencia a manos privadas de casi la mitad de las escuelas de Inglaterra (GOV.UK 2022), fomentando la competencia entre escuelas con la expectativa de que los proveedores privados generen innovación (Greany & Higham, 2018). Esta investigación de tipo exploratoria estudia tres ‘Free Schools’, un nuevo tipo de escuela del que se esperan innovaciones (DfE, 2010), analizando qué innovaciones se desarrollaron y cómo los docentes dan sentido y lidian con las demandas competencia, innovación y rendición de cuentas. Las innovaciones escolares son analizadas utilizando las categorías definidas por la OCDE (2014), mientras me apoyo en la literatura sobre implementación de políticas (Ball et al., 2012) para interpretar de las respuestas de los docentes sobre la innovación y la rendición de cuentas. Los datos incluyen documentos y sitios web de cada escuela, informes de inspección y entrevistas con doce docentes. Los resultados muestran la preponderancia de la innovación en las estrategias de marketing para atraer a los padres, pero son más limitaciones en cúanto al curriculum o las prácticas pedagógicas. Además, la autonomía de los docentes y las prácticas innovadoras están mediadas tanto por la cultura escolar como la posición de los directivos sobre las demandas de rendición de cuentas. De acuerdo con investigaciones previas sobre reformas cuasi-mercado, la rendición de cuentas con altas consecuencias actúa como una limitación central para la autonomía escolar y la innovación (Lubienski, 2009).
Global policy mobilities have been studied predominantly at the national level of education, but their implications and effects at the subnational level have been disregarded. This paper analyzes Proyectá tu Futuro, the first social impact bond (SIB) for education and employability implemented in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Since 2010, SIBs have become a booming type of policy, rapidly traveling and being adopted across countries and policy spheres. SIBs aim to align the incentives of the private sector—the third sector—and the public sector to obtain results while improving public-policy efficiency. However, often it is policy entrepreneurs’ agendas and not results or efficiency goals that trigger SIBs’ adoption. In this study, we analyze the diffusion of SIBs as policy mobilities and the processes of adoption and translation in the context of Buenos Aires. To this end, we draw on an analysis of policy documents, existing legal frameworks, and interviews with key actors. Our findings point to the role of “glocal” policy entrepreneurs as key agents for the adoption and translation of SIBs, as well as their capacity to advance their own agendas in the context of global policy mobilities in federal education systems.
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