Durante 2008 y 2009 se evaluaron seis cultivares de maíz bajo tres densidades de población en Toluca, México, con el objetivo de conocer su índice de área foliar, coeficiente de atenuacióndeluz,radiacióninterceptada,eficienciaeneluso de la radiación y rendimiento de grano. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con arreglo en parcelas divididas, las parcelas grandes correspondieron a las densidades de población (6.9, 7.8 y 8.9 plantas m-2) y las subparcelas a los cultivares (‘Amarillo’, ‘Cacahuacintle’, ‘Jiquipilco’, ‘Z-60’, ‘Cóndor’y ‘H-50’). El análisis de varianza combinado detectó diferencias signif icativas entre años, densidades y cultivares para todas las variables,conexcepcióndelcoeficientedeatenuacióndeluzy radiación interceptada entre años. Las interacciones no fueron signif icativas, excepto en años × densidades en el índice de área foliar y en años × cultivares para rendimiento de grano. Entre años, el rendimiento promedio de los cultivares fue superior en 2008 (1 133 g m-2), 16.9% a 2009, debido al mayor número de granos m-2 (2 826) y a la eficiencia en el uso de la radiación (0.79 g MJ-1). Las mejores densidades de población fueron 7.8 y 8.9 plantas m-2 (rendimiento promedio de 1 081 y 1 096 g m-2, respectivamente) equivalente a 13.9% y 15.1% más que con 6.9 plantas m-2. Lo anterior fue consecuencia de los mejores promedios presentados por estas densidades de población en todas las variables bajo estudio. Entre cultivares, ‘Jiquipilco’, ‘Amarillo’ y ‘Cóndor’ presentaron el rendimiento promedio másaltocon1156,1076y1047gm-2.
<p><strong>Background:</strong> <em>Phalaenopsis</em> is an orchid of economic importance worldwide. Its natural reproduction is slow due to its monopodial growth (a single apical meristem). Therefore, it is necessary to make <em>in vitro</em> propagation protocols more efficient. <strong>Objectives:</strong> 1. To evaluate three concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in combination with three of 6-Benzyl Adenine (BA) in the <em>in vitro</em> induction of protocormic like bodies (PLBs) at from leaf explants of <em>Phalaenopsis</em> sp. var. Dudu, under three periods of darkness, 2. To test the effect of four concentrations of honey water and fermented sap, as organic complexes (CO), on the <em>in vitro</em> multiplication rate of PLBs. <strong>Methodology:</strong> Two tests were carried out: Test 1. Three concentrations of 2,4-D (3, 4, 5 mgL<sup>-1</sup>) and three of BA (1, 2, 3 mgL<sup>-1</sup>) were evaluated in leaf explants of <em>Phalaenopsis</em> sp., combined with three periods of darkness 14, 21, 28 days in a completely randomized design with a trifactorial arrangement (27x10). Test 2. Four concentrations of honey water and fermented sap (0, 10, 50, 100 mlL<sup>-1</sup>) were evaluated, arranged in a completely random design (8x10). <strong>Results:</strong> The best combination of plant growth regulators (PGR) for the formation of PLBs (14 PLBs/explant) was with 5 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of 2,4-D and 2 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of BA, during 21 days of darkness. Regarding the use of CO, the addition of 10 mlL<sup>-1</sup> of fermented sap and 50 mlL<sup>-1</sup> of honey water induced the highest rates of multiplication of PLBs/explant (41.4 and 39.6 PLBs). The regeneration of <em>Phalaenopsis</em> sp. from PLBs occurred in 225 days. <strong>Implications:</strong> The results obtained in the two trials are the basis for establishing a protocol for the multiplication of <em>Phalaenopsis</em> sp. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> The combination of 5 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of 2,4-D and 2 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of BA produced the highest number of PLBs/explant (14) at 21 days of darkness and subsequent light exposure for six weeks. On the other hand, the addition of 10 mlL<sup>-1</sup> of fermented sap and 50 mlL<sup>-1</sup> of honey water as CO induced the highest rates of PLBs multiplication (41.4 and 39.6 PLBs, respectively). 100% survival of seedlings was observed after 21 days of acclimatization, under greenhouse conditions.</p>
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