Research ArticleQuantifying Water Pollution Sources in a Small Tile-drained Agricultural Watershed This paper evaluates the quantity and quality dynamics of surface and drainage waters in a small, 7.1 km 2 agricultural watershed, located in the crystalline complex of the Czech Republic. Concentrations and monthly solute loads of amonium nitrogen (NH 4 -N), nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 -N), phosphate phosphorus (PO 4 -P) and total phosphorus (P tot ) from ten watershed's subcatchments with different soil, land use and tile drainage characteristics were compared for the period March-October from 2009 to 2011. The results and relevant processes were described using regular monitoring as well as event-based sampling approaches, methods of runoff separation and regression techniques. The average baseflow comprised 35-50%, whereas interflow and overland flow were 50-65% of the total runoff. The highest concentrations of NO 3 -N were detected in waters originating from cultivated and tiled subcatchments; those of NH 4 -N, PO 4 -P and P tot came from subcatchments containing settlements and water ponds. In the monitored sites within the watershed, non-point pollution sources produced on average 23% of NH 4 -N, approximately 45% of NO 3 -N, 24% of PO 4 -P and about 26% of P tot of total monthly solute loads. The differences in the share of monitored subcatchments in the total load from non-point pollution sources varied from month to month and were caused mainlybymiscellaneous hydrologicalconditionsand naturalaswellasman-alteredrunoff characteristics. The obtained results confirmed that used methods count for a useful approach for discerning water pollution sources and their dynamics in small, tile drained watersheds.

Knowing the extent of inundation areas for individual N-year flood events, the specific flood scenarios, and having an idea about the depths and velocities in the longitudinal or transverse water course profile provided by hydrodynamic models is of key importance for protecting peoples' lives and mitigating damage to property. Input data for creating the watercourse computational geometry are crucial for hydrodynamic models. Requirements for input data vary with respect to the hydrodynamic model used. One-dimensional (1D) hydrodynamic models in which the computing track is formed by cross-sectional profiles of the channel are characterized by lower requirements for input data. In two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic models, a digital terrain model is needed for the entire area studied. Financial requirements of the project increase with regard to the input data and the model used. The increase is mainly due to the high cost of the geodetic surveying of the stream channel. The paper aims at a verification and presentation of the suitability of using hydrological measurements in developing a schematization (geometry) of water courses based on topographic data gained from aerial laser scanning provided by the Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre. Taking into account the hydrological measurement during the schematization of the water course into the hydrodynamic model consists in the derivation of flow rate achieved at the time of data acquisition using the method of aerial laser scanning by means of hydrological analogy and in using the established flow rate values as a basis for deepening of the digital terrain model from aerial laser scanning data. Thus, the given principle helps to capture precisely the remaining part of the channel profile which is not reflected in the digital terrain model prepared by the method of aerial laser scanning and fully correct geometry is achieved for the hydrodynamic model. Znalost rozsahu záplavových území pro jednotlivé N-leté povodňové události a konkrétní povodňové scénáře, včetně získané představy o hloubkách a rychlostech v podélném či příčném profilu vodního toku, které poskytují hydrodynamické modely, zaujímá výsadní postavení z pohledu ochrany životů a zmírnění škod na majetku občanů. Stěžejním faktorem pro tvorbu hydrodynamických modelů jsou vstupní data pro vytvoření výpočetní geometrie vodního toku. Požadavky na vstupní data se liší s ohledem na použitý hydrodynamický model. Jednorozměrné (1D) hydrodynamické modely se vyznačují nižšími požadavky na vstupní data, kdy výpočetní trať je tvořena příčnými profily koryta, naproti tomu u dvourozměrných (2D) hydrodynamických modelů je nutné sestavit pro celé řešené území digitální model reliéfu. S ohledem na vstupní data a použitý model roste i finanční náročnost celého projektu. Nárůst finančních prostředků je způsoben především vysokými náklady na geodetické zaměření koryta toku. Cílem příspěvku bylo ověřit a prezentovat vhodnost využití hydrologického měření při tvorbě schematizace (geometrie) vodních toků na podkla...

The contemporary regional geography paradigm is characterized by emphasizing the socially constructed nature of regions. However, the discussion on the conceptualization of region is very rich, it does not reach universal conclusion. Such a universal conceptualization is probably neither possible nor desirable. This paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discussion. It examines the various approaches towards region with special focus on the conceptualization of the institutionalization of the region based on the heuristic literature review and it attempts to propose more complex (but not ultimate) theoretical conceptualization of region that should enable to bridge the duality of region; addressed as an "animate", constantly changing, phenomenon which also makes it a resource for regional actors to meet their particular goals, one that people may perceive and feel attached to while further mediating their images thereof. The paper builds upon the Lefebvre's theory of the societal production of space and the Paasi's theory of the institutionalization of region and presents the idea of the societal production of region. It argues that any complex approach to region must incorporate three levels of region: "given" (practice of region), "made" (representation of region) and "perceived" (idea of region). Better understanding of the concept of region is still more necessary and relevant especially due to the increasing pressure on the applicability of regional research. Thus, the paper suggests the closer insight into the interrelation of three mentioned levels of region is crucial from the view of the contemporary state of art. This text is also published in Czech as the official on-line supplement of the article.

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A new approach for sites prioritization and designing measures on land drainage was developed and tested on the 96.5 km 2 Žejbro catchment (Czech Republic). The aim was to design an effective, mutually interconnected system of measures, on tiles, manholes, outlets as well as on ditches (s.c. main drainage facilities, MDF) that will increase water retention and storage in intensively farmed and tile-drained catchments and will reduce water pollution from subsurface non-point sources (drainage runoff). This approach consists of (I) selecting suitable sites using the Catchment Measures Need Index (CAMNI) method; (II) obtaining information on land drainage in the area of interest; (III) conducting a field survey and water quality monitoring; (IV) designing appropriate systems of measures; and (V) analysing the estimated costs of the proposed measures. Measures were proposed for fourteen sub-catchments that were selected based on the results of a CAMNI analysis and whether an MDF or a heavily modified stream is present. A total of 44 point measures, 62 areal measures, and 99 line measures were proposed. Implementation of these measures would reduce the load of N-NO 3 , a major pollutant from drainage runoff, by 44 tons per year (48%). From the financial point of view, these measures are not self-financing and the benefits do not cover the expected costs of their implementation and maintenance. However, these measures have a profound ecological and societal benefits which, when taken into account, make these measures suitable for implementation when (co-)financed from public budgets. Putting the presented approach into practice, for example, in the framework of complex land consolidations or by watershed management authorities, could significantly improve the condition and water regime of intensively drained agricultural landscapes.