Sustainability and a more environment-friendly approach is an emerging issue relevant to crop production. Abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, heat, cold or heavy metal pollution can severely compromise yields, and in this respect, plant protection practices should be highly efficient as well as safe for the environment and people. Among the many ways to achieve high productivity of healthy, safe and tasty food, the use of beneficial micro-organisms as biostimulants is the most promising one. Two types of soil fungi can be considered efficient natural plants stimulants: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Trichoderma spp. (TR). Generally, most investigations indicated AMF and TR were effective, as well as safe, for use as natural biopreparations dedicated to horticultural crops, although some reports pointed to their negative impact on plants. This review focuses on the mutual interaction of AMF and TR, as well as complex relationships with plants analysed on a multidimensional level: biochemical, morphological, ecological and agrotechnical. AMF and TR were found to be effective elicitors of root system development, nutrient uptake, plant stress response and production of secondary metabolites. As natural plant stimulants, beneficial fungi are compatible with modern trends of crop management, environmental conservation and functional food production. Herein, we demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of AMF and TR use in horticulture and their prospects, as well as the points that need further exploring.
Plant biostimulants can enhance crop nutrition status, stress tolerance, yield and quality in environment-friendly manner. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an algae and bacteria preparations on the yield and nutritional parameters of leaf and romaine lettuce cultivated for spring and summer crop. The application of a combined biostimulant consisting of plant growth-promoting bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megatherium, Azotobacter sp., Azospirillum sp., and Herbaspirillum sp.) and fresh water algae (Chlorella vulgaris) was done by watering the lettuce every 14 days, and a determination of the fresh weight, total antioxidant capacity, and total carotenoids content was performed. The result revealed that the application of bacterial-algal preparation significantly affected the plant weight of both romaine and leaf lettuce in spring and summer seasons. The highest increase in the weight of romaine lettuce reached 18.9% in the spring crop, while in the case of leaf lettuce, biostimulant treatment led to a 22.7% higher weight in the summer crop. Total antioxidant capacity and total carotenoids content showed increased values in the summer crop of romaine lettuce, while for the leaf lettuce there were no differences between treatments. Therefore, the positive effect of bacterial-algal treatment on lettuce yield, total antioxidant capacity and total carotenoids confirm that it could be applied for improving romaine lettuce yield quality and quantity, especially in stress, summer conditions.
In many regions of the world, the production of vegetable crops is limited by a deepening water crisis. Drought stress affects productivity and the chemical composition of crops. The variability of drought tolerance between species and cultivars of economically important crops, such as pepper (Capsicum species), requires specific investigations to understand the physiological and biochemical responses to the aftermath of drought. The fruits and leaves of four chilli pepper cultivars were investigated to elucidate the fruits' pungency (Scoville Heat Units, SHU), ascorbic acid content, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, polyphenol content, membrane lipid peroxidation and key protective antioxidant enzyme activity under drought stress (18-28% volumetric water content) as compared to the control (35-60%). Drought increased the chilli pepper fruits' pungency expressed in Scoville Heat Units (SHU) as well as ascorbic acid content, but this relationship was also dependent on genotype and stress duration. 'Jolokia' was marked as most sensitive to drought by increasing content of capsaicinoids and DPPH • scavenging activity under stress conditions. Capsaicinoids and Ascorbic acid (AsA) greatly influenced the antioxidant activity of highly pungent chilli pepper fruits, although total phenols played a significant role in the mildly pungent genotypes. Generally, the activities of antioxidant enzymes increased under drought in chilli pepper leaves and fruits, although the intensity of the reaction varied among the cultivars used in the current research. All the investigated biochemical parameters were involved in the drought response of chilli pepper plants, but their significance and effectiveness were highly cultivar-dependent.Plants 2020, 9, 364 2 of 17 substrates, fertigated, and bell pepper canopy training is a common practice. The chilli pepper is cultivated without training. The container growing cost is higher, but it decreases the risk of adjacent plant contamination with root-borne diseases [2,3].Chilli pepper is added to dishes in small amounts, but the intake of chilli even as a spice enriches the diet with polyphenols and other bioactive compounds, especially ascorbic acid and other vitamins, carotenoids (α-and β-carotene), capsaicinoids and mineral salts [4]. The most characteristic phytochemicals of all members of the genus Capsicum are capsaicinoids, compounds providing the pungent taste but also of exhibiting antioxidant activity [5]. There is a growing interest in the enhancement of compounds in food having health-promoting attributes such as antioxidants, and which were previously regarded as non-nutritive, including phenolic compounds (simple phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, lignans and lignins, stilbenes and tannins). Phenols are antioxidants in nature, often associated with plant defence against biotic and abiotic stress factors. Additionally, phenols modify fruit colour, taste, aroma and flavour, and also provide health-beneficial effects for humans [6,7].Variability in ...
Caruso G., Pokluda R., Sekara A., Kalisz A., Jezdinský A., Kopta T., Grabowska A. (2017): Agricultural practices, biology and quality of eggplant cultivated in Central Europe. A review. Hort. Sci. (Prague), 44: 201-212.The eggplant is a warm-climate crop of high economic importance. In many Asian and Mediterranean countries, eggplants are essential components of everyday dishes, while in Central Europe they have become popular only in recent years. Eggplants are harvested at an immature stage and have low storage value; therefore, the sale of fruits in local markets requires an appropriate production strategy. In Poland, consumer demand for eggplants is currently met by imports and domestic production, which, until recently, has been carried out only in greenhouses, ensuring the availability of fresh fruits but resulting in high selling prices. The demand for eggplants is growing among Polish consumers, and, accordingly, field production is expected to gradually gain in importance due to the fruit's profitability. Accordingly, the biology and farming practices of this warm-climate crop remain in the investigation phase in temperate climate. This review aims to report the status of current knowledge regarding the technologies affecting the biology, cultivation, and nutritional value of eggplant grown in temperate climatic zone.
Kopta T., Pokluda R., 2013. Yields, quality and nutritional parameters of radish (Raphanus sativus) cultivars when grown organically in the Czech Republic. Hort. Sci. (Prague), 40: 16-21.Th e potential cultivars of Chinese radish which can be introduced to the organic growing conditions of the Czech Republic was focused. We identifi ed which of selected radish cultivars gave the best yields when grown organically, and which contained the highest contents of nutritionally important compounds, such as vitamin C, monosaccharides, fi bre and selected minerals. Th ree cultivars (Jarola, Miyashige and Red Meat) were grown organically in the open fi eld in Lednice during the years 2008 and 2009. All radish cultivars gave the suffi cient yield (33-42 t/ha of marketable yield). Th e study of nutritional properties showed that cv. Red Meat had a signifi cantly higher content of ascorbic acid (271 mg/kg in 2009). Cv. Miyashige had the highest content of fi bre (1.7 g/100 g in 2009). Content of potassium was reasonably high, although there were signifi cant diff erences between the cultivars. Cv. Jarola had the highest content of calcium (157 mg/kg in 2009).
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