Background Teaching work is stressful, moreover during the pandemic teachers’ stress might have been intensified by distance education as well as by limited access to social support, which functions as a buffer in experiencing stress. The aim of the research was to investigate the relation between distance education and teachers’ well-being, and their close relations and other social relations during the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The research was conducted in two stages on 285 Polish primary and secondary school teachers who were recruited by means of the chain referral method. The following measures were used: The Depression Anxiety & Stress Scales-21, Berlin Social Support Scales, The Relationship Satisfaction Scale and The Injustice Experience Questionnaire. Results The teachers experienced at least mild levels of stress, anxiety and depression, both during the first as well as the second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. It has been confirmed that there is a negative relation between relationship quality change and social relations quality change, and stress, anxiety and depression. The variables taken into consideration in the research have provided the explanation for the variation of stress—from 6% in the first stage of the research to 47% in the second stage; for the variation of anxiety—from 21% to 31%; and for the variation of depression—from 12% to 46%, respectively. Conclusions The research results show that due to distance work the distinction between professional work and family life might have been blurred, and as a consequence teachers’ well-being could have been worsened. The isolation put on to stop the spreading of the virus might have contributed to changes in social relations, in close relations in particular, and at the same time negatively influenced teachers’ abilities to effectively cope with the crisis situations.

Police officers’ work involves the exposition to traumatogenic stimuli. The aim of the research is to investigate potential associations between post-traumatic stress disorder and the traditional masculinity norms and social support. Three questionnaires were used: the Impact of Event Scale-Revised adapted by Juczyński and Ogińska-Bulik (2009), the Social Relations Scale (Skarżyńska 2002), and the Male Role Norms Scale translated by the authors of this paper. The sample comprised 111 male active service members of the Polish Police. The analysis shows statistically significant, mildly negative associations between post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology variables and social relations/support (− .312 to − .386), and mild-to-moderate positive associations between the traditional male role norms and post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology variables (.361–.506). The intergroup differences between the police officers that probably meet the PTSD criteria and those that do not meet the criteria were mainly observed in complying with the traditional masculinity norms, in which the police officers with probable post-traumatic stress disorder had higher results than those without it; the reverse was observed in the case of social relations/support. Traditional masculinity norms, length of service, number of types of traumatic events, social relations/support, and age have proved to be significant independent predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder (β = − .38–β = .49). However, in the multivariate regression, only social status norms, age, social relations/support, and number of types of traumatic events proved to be significant predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder (β = − 26 to .40), accounting for 45% of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms.

Celem artykułu jest analiza przypadku mężczyzny z diagnozą schizofrenii paranoidalnej, który doświadcza urojeń i omamów dotyczących zmiany płci, oraz krótki przegląd literatury. Dane zaprezentowane w studium przypadku zostały zebrane podczas wywiadu klinicznego, w ciągu półrocznego procesu diagnostycznego. Wywiad miał postać częściowo ustrukturalizowaną, wykorzystano również baterię testów - Minesocki Wielowymiarowy Inwentarz Osobowości 2 (MMPI-2), Ustrukturalizowany Wywiad Kliniczny do Badania Zaburzeń z Osi I DSM-IV-TR (SCID- I), Ustrukturalizowany Wywiad Kliniczny do Badania Zaburzeń z Osi II DSM-IV-TR (SCID-II), Inwentarz Płci Psychologicznej (IPP), Montrealski Test do Oceny Stanu Poznawczego (MoCA), Skala Inteligencji Wechslera dla Dorosłych (WAIS-R). Opis przypadku osoby, której przypisano po urodzeniu płeć męską, a która identyfikuje się jako kobieta. W trakcie diagnozy zostały stwierdzone u badanego urojenia i omamy, które w obrazie klinicznym zdają się mieć dominujący wpływ na poczucie niezgodności płciowej. Wyniki uzyskane w wykorzystanych narzędziach zdają się potwierdzać hipotezę nt. zasadności postawienia diagnozy schizofrenii paranoidalnej. Biorąc pod uwagę zaprezentowane studium przypadku, w procesie diagnozy transseksualizmu jest szczególnie ważne zróżnicowanie go z zaburzeniami psychotycznymi.

SummaryAim. The aim of this study was to explore potential differences in gender identity and interpersonal functioning styles between transsexual and non-transsexual women. Method. The following tests were used: Bem Sex Role Inventory (Polish version), Self-Appeal Scale, Interpersonal Styles Scale, and the Strategies of Self-Presentation Questionnaire. The study group consisted of 32 adult transwomen, mean age 35.09 years. The control group consisted of 32 adult cissexual women (mean age 31.69 years) selected according to the age criterion to match the study group. Results. Transsexual women scored higher than non-transsexual women on the femininity scale, in the use of the maintaining-overprotective style, submissive-dependent style and on conformism scales. Nontranssexual women scored higher on the directive-autocratic style, aggressive-sadistic style, competitivenarcissistic style, and partner attractiveness and self-promotion scales. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups on masculinity, adonization, interpersonal attractiveness, partner appreciation, self-depreciation, the withdrawing-masochistic style, the rebellious-suspicious style, self-acceptance/complacency, pessimism/helplessness/cry for help, the lie scale, the friendly-cooperative style and the resourcefulness/realism/autonomy scales. Discussion. The study revealed that transsexual women experience themselves and the surrounding world more in accord with the stereotypes of what is feminine than non-transsexual women. This applies to their interpersonal functioning. Styles that they employ to a higher degree usually do not contain components of dominance and a need for autonomy but rather a need for affiliation and considerateness. Conclusions. Differences in gender identity and interpersonal functioning between transwomen and cissexual women might suggest that they are moderated, among other things, by the fact that the former were being raised as males and because they belong to a socially stigmatized group. It seems that transwomen function more in accordance with the stereotypes of femininity than cissexual women. gender identity disorder / transsexualism