As so ci ate Ed i tor: Tomis³aw Go³êbiowski Re search by the Pol ish Geo log i cal Sur vey has been car ried out along the south ern Bal tic coastal zone over a dis tance of 38 km. The Bal tic Sea is clas si fied as non-tidal, and its south ern coasts are built en tirely of weakly lithified sed i men tary rocks. These de pos its form three main types of coast, namely cliffs, bar ri ers and al lu vial coasts (wetlands), with the re search fo cusing on the first two. Meth ods in clud ing re mote sens ing, map ping (geo log i cal, hydrogeological), off shore sur vey (bathymetric and geo phys i cal mea sure ments), lab o ra tory anal y ses and mod el ling re vealed a num ber of nat u ral haz ards. These are, respec tively: (1) per ma nently oc cur ring haz ards, caus ing ma te rial dam age such as: land slides, coastal ero sion and sea bed ero sion; (2) in ci den tal haz ards such as dune break age and storm surge over flow and (3) hy po thet i cal threats that may oc cur in the fu ture, such as hydrogeohazards de fined here as flood ing re sult ing from ground wa ter level rise or more rarely, earthquake threats.
Zarys treści: W artykule przedstawiono próbę ilościowej i jakościowej oceny morfodynamiki fragmentu wysokiego wybrzeża zlokalizowanego na wschód od portu w Ustce. W tym celu przeanalizowano zmienność przebiegu górnej krawędzi klifu w Orzechowie w różnych skalach czasowych. Wielkość erozji określano na podstawie map archiwalnych oraz przeprowadzonych w terenie serii pomiarowych LiDAR z wykorzystaniem naziemnego skaningu laserowego. W oparciu o wielkość erozji wyznaczano uśrednione tempo erozji klifu [m a ] dla każdego umownego profilu prostopadłego do brzegu. Zaprezentowana metoda umożliwia porównanie tempa postępującej erozji klifów wybrzeży Bałtyku w sposób jednolity, niezależnie od budowy geologicznej, wysokości czy ekspozycji zboczy.Słowa kluczowe: morfodynamika, klif, erozja, teledetekcja, LiDAR Abstract: The aim of this paper was quantitative and qualitative investigation of morphodynamics of high coast located to the east of the Ustka harbour. Therefore, the course variability of top margins of the Orzechowo Cliff became analysed at different time scales. The magnitude of erosion was obtained from archival maps and/or LiDAR field measurements using terrestrial laser scanner. Based on the magnitude of erosion, the average recession rate of the cliff [m a ] was determined for every hypothetical profile perpendicular to the shore. The presented approach provides the possibility to compare the recession rates of cliffs of the Baltic coast in a uniform manner, regardless of geological structure, elevation, or slope exposure. Keywords: morphodynamics, cliff, erosion, remote sensing, LiDARWstęp W skali długofalowej model mający na celu określe-nie reakcji wybrzeży zbudowanych z utworów słabo skonsolidowanych (Carpenter i in. 2014) na wahania poziomu morza i falowanie przeanalizowany przez Trenhaile'a (2010) wskazuje, że wzrost poziomu morza w największym stopniu przyspieszy recesję klifów, podczas gdy wzrost częstotliwości sztormów może odpowiadać za niewielki wzrost tempa erozji. Jednakże w odniesieniu do południowego Bałty-ku, który uznawany jest za morze bezpływowe, to krótko okresowe czynniki morfogenetyczne (pręd-kość i kierunek wiatru, stan i poziom morza, intensywność opadów, poziom wód gruntowych) i stopień antropopresji kształtują wybrzeża w najbardziej zauważalny sposób, głównie poprzez oddziaływanie ekstremalnych zjawisk meteorologicznych -sztormów i długotrwałych ulewnych deszczy (Zawadzka-Kahlau 1999, Florek i in. 2008, Kostrzewski i in. 2015. Wpływają one na polską strefę brzegową, prowadząc do degradacji rozległych obszarów. W takich warunkach może dochodzić do wynoszenia znacznych ilości materiału osadowego. Naturalną reakcją wybrzeża na warunki sztormowe jest systematyczny rozwój platformy abrazyjnej oraz erozja podbrzeża, brzegu i nadbrzeża, a więc i sukcesywna recesja klifów.Ograniczanie skutków erozji jest niezwykle istotne, zwłaszcza z punktu widzenia zachowania wy-
Despite the fact that sediment dynamics in shallow coastal lakes strongly influences lake water quality and is crucial for preserving good quality paleo-records from coastal zones, the depositional processes in coastal lakes have not been thoroughly recognised so far. The present study aims at investigating the relationship between lake water circulation and the distribution of surface sediments, identifying the postdepositional physical mechanisms affecting lake deposits, and estimating the intensity of sediment mixing in a coastal lake on the Baltic coast. Our approach includes analyses of sediment grain size and chemical composition, hydrodynamic modelling and measurements of 210Pb activity in sediment short-cores from various sections of the lake. We showed that the distribution of lithofacies in the lake is explained by hydrodynamic conditions. Enhanced water dynamics reduces spatial extent of organic-rich lacustrine deposits and results in the exposure of relic marine-lagoonal sediments. A major part of the lake sediments is prone to vertical mixing by wind waves to a depth of ≥ 40 cm. Hydrodynamic modelling and 210Pb displayed overall agreement in predicting the depth of sediment mixing. At the same time the limitations of 210Pb as a geochronologic marker in shallow coastal lakes are revealed. It appears that even exponential depth-wise 210Pb distributions may be produced by storm redeposition.
In the course of field work based on geo log i cal and land slide map ping and spa tial anal y ses of map in for ma tion at least 2 types of land slides were iden ti fied. Type I: sim ple land slides de vel oped in ho mo ge neous and un dis turbed rocks, for in stance -loams, clays and sands. This type of land slide in cludes many ex am ples de vel oped mainly on the stretch (seg ment of the stud ied area) ap prox i mately be tween 132.25 and 133.50 km and 128.50 and 129.50 km of the Pol ish coast line. Type II: complex land slides in which the move ment and dis place ment of rock masses oc curs un der com plex geo log i cal and hydrogeological con di tions. The com plex fac tors are de ter mined by phe nom ena such as glaciotectonics, dis con ti nu ities of rock lay ers and thrust zones; the slip sur face oc curs at con sid er able depths, and some times sev eral slip sur faces can be distin guished. These land slide types are lo cated in the vi cin ity of Jastrzêbia Góra and Rozewie, near km 134 and 131.5. Pre diction of the for ma tion of this land slide types is dif fi cult. Even if long-term ob ser va tions are avail able, the mass move ment, vari able over time, is dif fi cult to in ter pret. It is clear that the changes are con tin u ous, but oc cur with vary ing in ten sity. Proper rec og ni tion of the types of mass move ment is cru cial to es tab lish ing the ap pro pri ate meth ods to pre vent their de vel op ment.
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