Background and Aims: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the world’s most common joint disease and there is currently no cure. Glenohumeral osteoarthritis (GHOA) accounts for an estimated 5% -17% of patients with shoulder complaints. The etiology of GHOA is multifactorial, and we review the various non-specific and specific risk factors and further sub-classify them into local and systemic factors. Materials and Methods: Data for this review article were identified by searches of MEDLINE, PubMed, and references from relevant articles using search terms such as “glenohumeral,” “osteoarthritis,” “epidemiology,” “etiology,” “imaging,” and “pathophysiology.” Only articles published in English, German, and Finnish between 1957 and 2017 were included. Results: The prevalence of radiological shoulder OA has been estimated to be as high as 16% -20% in the middle-aged and elderly population, but the concordance between structural findings and symptoms seems to be weak, as many of these individuals are asymptomatic. The vast majority of GHOA is related to non-specific factors, namely advancing age, while specific risk factors are commonly found in young patients. Diagnosis of GHOA is made when typical clinical features and defined radiological findings overlap in an individual. Conclusion: Ultimately the determinants of shoulder pain in GHOA remain incompletely understood. Improved understanding of the etiology and diagnosis of GHOA will enable clinicians to better determine which patients will benefit from different treatment modalities, as well as provide new avenues to potential treatments.

Background and aims: Quadriceps and patella tendon ruptures are uncommon injuries often resulting from minor trauma typically consisting of an eccentric contraction of the quadriceps muscle. since rupture of a healthy tendon is very rare, such injuries usually represent the end stage of a long process of chronic tendon degeneration and overuse. this review aims to give an overview of the current understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnostic principles, and recommended treatment protocols as supported by the literature and institutional experience.Material and Methods: a non-systematic review of the current literature on the subject was conducted and reflected against the current practice in our level 1 trauma center.Results and conclusion: risk factors for patella and quadriceps tendon rupture include increasing age, repetitive micro-trauma, genetic predisposition, and systemic diseases, as well as certain medications. Diagnosis is based on history and clinical findings, but can be complemented by ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging. accurate diagnosis at an early stage is of utmost importance since delay in surgical repair of over 3 weeks results in significantly poorer outcomes. operative treatment of acute ruptures yields good clinical results with low complication rates. use of longitudinal transpatellar drill holes is the operative method of choice in the majority of acute cases. in chronic ruptures, tendon augmentation with auto-or allograft should be considered. Postoperative treatment protocols in the literature range from early mobilization with full weight bearing to cast immobilization for up to 12 weeks. respecting the biology of tendon healing, we advocate the use of a removable knee splint or orthotic with protected full weight bearing and limited passive mobilization for 6 weeks.

Pediatric endotracheal tube intubation carries a high rate of tube malposition and left lung atelectasis in our experience of pediatric trauma patients, with less than a third of ETTs placed in a safe position.