Although further studies are required, SSE is apparently more effective than walking in reducing fall risk factors, and it appears that it may be recommended as a health promotion exercise in older adults.
OBJECTIVE:To examine whether polymorphisms of the estrogen receptor (ER) a gene are associated with body fat distribution. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, epidemiological study of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms, a T-C (PvuII) and an A-G (XbaI), in the first intron of the ERa gene. SUBJECTS: A total of 2238 community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly Japanese population (age: 40-79 y). MEASUREMENTS: The ERa genotypes (by automated fluorescent allele-specific DNA primer assay system), anthropometric variables, fat mass (FM) and percentage FM (%FM) (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). RESULTS: FM and waist were inversely associated with age (r ¼ À0.630 and À0.504, respectively) in women with the GG genotype. On the other hand, waist circumference of the AA genotype was positively correlated with age (r ¼ 0.231). Thus, for middle-aged women (40-59 y) with the AG or GG genotype body mass index (BMI), %FM, FM, waist, hip and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were larger than those with the AA genotype. In particular, FM and waist were greater by 20% and 9%, respectively, for the GG genotype, compared to the AA genotype. Alternatively, FM and waist were smaller by 18% and 6%, respectively, in older women with the GG genotype, compared to the AA genotype. No effect was found among the A-G polymorphisms for men. For both genders, no difference was found in any variables among the TT, TC and CC genotypes with the exception of BMI of older men (60-79 y). CONCLUSION: No association was found between the ERa gene polymorphisms and body fat distribution in men. For women, the A-G polymorphism, in particular the GG genotype, may contribute to the development of upper-body obesity in middleaged individuals, but may serve to decrease the whole-body and abdominal fat tissue of older individuals.
The SSE program improved lower-extremity functional fitness, lack of which constitutes a risk factor for falls in the elderly. This program should be tested further to determine if it can effectively reduce the incidence of falls in the elderly.
Objective-We investigated how regional body composition measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is associated with risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) during weight reduction in obese women. Methods and Results-Data were gathered from 128 overweight and obese women, aged 34 to 66 years, during a 14-week intervention study with diet and exercise. Key Words: obesity Ⅲ risk factors Ⅲ exercise Ⅲ diet A ccording to several epidemiological studies, obesity is closely associated with some major health risk factors, 1,2 and the prevalence of obesity continues to increase in developed countries. 3 It is well known that individuals with android-type obesity are at greater risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and several metabolic disorders. 4 Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) are widely used anthropometric indices for determining central fat obesity. [5][6][7] Intra-abdominal fat measured by computerized tomography (CT) is also an index for evaluating abdominal adiposity and is strongly associated with metabolic disorders independent of whole-body adiposity, including high blood pressure and triglycerides as well as increased incidence of diabetes mellitus. 8 -10 There are also several cross-sectional studies showing an association between regional body composition, especially truncal adiposity measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and several CHD risk factors. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Interestingly, some investigators have reported that peripheral fat may confer a negative association against metabolic dysfunction in postmenopausal 17 and elderly women. 12,13 However, very little information is available on the relationship between changes in regional body composition and CHD risk factors in response to weight reduction.Based on these studies, we hypothesized that changes in regional body composition during weight reduction would See page 795affect or improve CHD risk factors. In this study, we investigate how changes in anthropometric and CT variables and regional body composition measured by DXA are associated with improvement in CHD risk factors in overweight and obese women in response to weight reduction through diet and exercise. We focused on which body region as measured by DXA is most strongly related to the improvement in CHD risk factors. MethodsOne hundred sixty-three sedentary women were recruited through advertisements in local newspapers. Of them, 154 sedentary (exercise-induced energy expenditure Ͻ60 minutes/wk) women, aged 34 to 66 years, were chosen as subjects after they met the following criteria for high-risk obesity phenotype: (1) BMI Ն25 kg/m 2 with CHD risk factors that require weight reduction for their improvement or (2) high-risk obesity as specified by an excess of intra-abdominal fat, in which intra-abdominal fat area of 100 cm 2 was used as a cut-point for high-risk obesity by using a CT scan. 18 We excluded 15 subjects who smoked, had concomitant renal, hepatic, or cardiac disease or diabetes (defined as a 2-hour postload glycemia Ն200...
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