The aim of this study was to clarify the relationships between pitch, roll, and yaw moments during flapping and various handling parameters ((i) wingbeat amplitude, (ii) stroke plane angle, and (iii) asymmetry of the flapping duration). We investigate the effects of the combination of (i) and (ii), or the combination of (i) and (iii) for generating rotational moments. The results demonstrated that flapping amplitudes and asymmetry contributed to generating pitch and roll moments, and flapping amplitude and tilt angle affected the generation of all moments.

The aim of this study was to clarify postural control in the pitch direction using a combination of the flexion angles of the root and fin tip of the pectoral fin in Mobula japanica using Three-D-Computational fluid dynamics analysis. We made Mobula models that allow flexion of the tip of the fin and the root of the fin independently. It was revealed that independent pectoral fin flexion promotes a change in the velocity distribution around the body and, as a result, the pitch moment is generated.