There is a need to raise the quality of communication between people that are speaking different languages to a higher level in the modern world. This requires finding new ways to improve language learning and teaching. The basis of the conducted researches is made by cognitive psychology models. The last developments are directed to the association of two new methods, simultaneous development of language skills and grammatical competence of one activity. The methods are the Visual-Auditory Shadowing (VAS) method and the Structural-Visual Method (SVM). The Structural-Visual Method is a new inductive language learning methodology, based on mapping of the structure of linguistic knowledge in a graphic form using color to encode the most common patterns. The Visual-Auditory Shadowing method is also an inductive language learning methodology, which facilitates learning of phonological knowledge (pronunciation) and ideographical knowledge (spelling). Each of these methods can be improved through the use of computer systems and the combined use of both will lead to a synergistic effect in the learning process. The study provides a conceptual solution which requires experimental verification and further joint research.Index Terms-Learning management system, model of the psyche, structural-visual method, visual Model, visual-auditory shadowing method.

With both theories and empirical studies supporting the benefits of having a romantic relationship, there remains an increasing tendency of staying single being documented globally. It is thus important to understand the antecedent factors of such voluntary single movement. Guided by the Investment Model of Commitment (IMC) process, the roles of subjective socioeconomic status (SSES), relational mobility, and desirability of control in attitudes toward singlehood were investigated. A total of 1,108 undergraduate students from Malaysia (n=444), Japan (n=316), and India (n=348) answered an online survey consisting of the Attitudes toward Singlehood Scale, MacArthur Scale of SSES, Relational Mobility Scale, Desirability of Control Scale, Mini-Social Phobia Inventory, and Single Item Narcissism Scale. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed a persistent positive relationship between desirability of control, but not socioeconomic status and relational mobility, with attitudes toward singlehood, even after statistically excluding the effects of social anxiety and narcissism. A similar pattern was also observed among those who were currently single. Moreover, an interaction effect of socioeconomic status and relational mobility was found in further exploratory analysis. The results highlight that retaining the autonomy and flexibility of managing one’s own life and financial concern are the key reasons young adults prefer staying single to engaging in a romantic relationship. Implications and recommendations for future research are also presented in this study.

This study investigates whether the visual-auditory (VA) shadowing method can better facilitate vocabulary learning for learners of Japanese as a second language (JSL) than the visual-visual (VV) shadowing method in K-8 immersion education. Learning vocabulary involves three aspects: meaning, orthography, and pronunciation. The Japanese language has complex orthography and pronunciation. Learners of Japanese need to learn three kinds of orthographic characters: ideographs (kanji) and two kinds of syllabic characters (hiragana and katakana). In addition, because the pronunciation of kanji can vary by context, learners must learn several pronunciations for a single kanji character. This study explores a reasonable way to learn pronunciations of kanji and compares VA shadowing (n = 48) and VV shadowing (n = 47) to investigate which condition better facilitates learning the pronunciation of Japanese ideographs. The analysis suggests that compared to the VV shadowing condition (p < .05), the VA shadowing condition is more effective for Level 3 learners but not for Level 2 or Level 1 learners.

The nine‐item Attitudes toward Singlehood Scale (AtSS) is a newly developed measurement for people to self‐report their manners toward staying single. The original English‐version AtSS shows sound psychometric properties in the Malaysian and Indian contexts. To necessarily adapt the AtSS in cross‐cultural studies, we developed the Japanese version of the AtSS (AtSS‐J) and examined its psychometric qualities in a sample of 316 Japanese undergraduate students. The participants answered an online survey consisting of the AtSS‐J, a (single‐item) preference for being single, the Mini‐Social Phobia Inventory, the Single Item Narcissism Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis supports that the AtSS‐J has a second‐order factor structure (error covariance specified between Items 3 and 5) composed of three first‐order specific factors (affect, behavior, and cognition). Both Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega estimates indicated good reliability in the AtSS‐J. Moreover, convergent and discriminant validity of the AtSS‐J are evident, while the concurrent validity with life satisfaction as criterion variable showed inconsistent results. Overall, our findings offer preliminary support to the usability of the AtSS‐J.