Changes in methanogenic activity were determined in slurries of soil collected from a paddy field. Acetate or H 2 added as a methanogenic substrate stimulated methane production in most samples. In soil collected when the field was continuously flooded, the two substrates affected production similarly, while in the samples collected when the field had been drained, H 2 stimulated production more strongly than acetate. The effect of temperature on methane production in paddy soil was also investigated. In continuously flooded soil, the temperature optimum for production was 40°C, however, this shifted to 45°C during a period of intermittent irrigation accompanied by a marked decrease in activity. The temperature optimum during the non-cropping season was also 45°C. It was suggested that the dominant methanogens in the drained paddy field are H 2 -utilizers, different from the dominant groups in flooded paddy soil.

The touch of pantyhose on skin is affected by the morphology of the hose surface in real contact with the skin, and the morphology differs with different kinds of hose. This study clarifies peculiar differences in the morphology of the real contact of cloth surfaces of different hose types, using a slide as a rigid plate. The morphology of real contact between the surface of hose leg parts and a slide to which candle soot was applied beforehand is examined. Black spots of soot transferred to the hose surface after contact between the slide and the cloth are regarded as being in real contact, and the effects of contact pressure and elongation of hose on real contact are examined. The study investigates six kinds of hose, including support hose, sheers, and wooly hose, all with different real contact results.

This article examines narrative manipulation of police violence involving journalists, the police, and activists in late Meiji Japan to explore the political potential of popular media. I scrutinize the so-called Red Flag Incident of 1908, in which fourteen socialists were arrested for fighting with policemen in the streets of Tokyo over red flags with anarchist slogans. Scholars have studied this incident as a prologue to the nationwide crackdown on socialists, which in turn led to the 1910 High Treason Incident that resulted in the execution of twelve socialists for allegedly plotting to assassinate the emperor. Immediately after the Red Flag Incident, however, newspapers highlighted the four female socialists taken into custody, embroidering their stories with a variety of theatrical metaphors. Simultaneously, the gendered narratives allowed the radical political message to circulate in the form of entertainment, eventually inspiring both intensified state persecution of radicals and women's diverse engagement in politics.

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